<h2>Barack Obama</h2>

<p>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</p>

<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#p-search">Jump to search</a></p>

<p><i>"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_(disambiguation)"><i>Barack (disambiguation)</i></a><i>, </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_(disambiguation)"><i>Obama (disambiguation)</i></a><i>, and </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_(disambiguation)"><i>Barack Obama
			(disambiguation)</i></a><i>.</i></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="table">
	<table>
		<tbody>
			<tr>
				<th colspan="2"><strong>Barack Obama</strong></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th colspan="2">
					<figure class="image"><img
							src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg"
							alt="Obama standing with his arms folded and smiling"
							srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x"
							sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th colspan="2">&nbsp;</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th colspan="2">44th <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">President of
						the United States</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 20, 2009&nbsp;– January 20, 2017</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Vice President</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Preceded by</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Succeeded by</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">United States
						Senator</a><br>from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 3, 2005&nbsp;– November 16, 2008</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Preceded by</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Succeeded by</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Burris">Roland Burris</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th colspan="2">Member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois
						Senate</a><br>from the 13th district</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 8, 1997&nbsp;– November 4, 2004</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Preceded by</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)">Alice Palmer</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Succeeded by</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th colspan="2">Personal details</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Born</th>
				<th>

					<p>Barack Hussein Obama II</p>

					<p>August 4, 1961 (age&nbsp;58)<br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a
							href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, U.S.</p>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Political party</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)">Democratic</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Spouse(s)</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Robinson">Michelle Robinson</a> (m.&nbsp;1992)</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Children</th>
				<th>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia_Obama">Malia</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Obama">Sasha</a></li>
					</ul>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Mother</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham">Ann Dunham</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Father</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Relatives</th>
				<th><i>See </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_family"><i>Obama family</i></a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Residence</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorama_(Washington,_D.C.)">Kalorama (Washington, D.C.)</a>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Education</th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou School</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater">Alma mater</a></th>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University">Columbia University</a> (<a
						href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts">BA</a>) <a
						href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a> (<a
						href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor">JD</a>)</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Awards</th>
				<th>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (<a
								href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009</a>)</li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award">Profile in Courage
								Award</a> (2017)</li>
					</ul>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Signature</th>
				<th>
					<figure class="image"><img
							src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/128px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png"
							alt=""
							srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/192px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/256px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 2x"
							sizes="100vw" width="128"></figure>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>Website</th>
				<th><a href="http://barackobama.com/">Official website</a><br><a href="http://obama.org/">Obama
						Foundation</a><br><a href="http://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/">White House Archives</a></th>
			</tr>
		</tbody>
	</table>
</figure>
<figure class="table">
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					<figure class="image"><img
							src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/75px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg"
							alt="President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg"
							srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/113px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x"
							sizes="100vw" width="75"></figure>

					<p>This article is part of<br>a series about</p>

					<p><strong>Barack Obama</strong></p>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama">Political
								positions</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama">Electoral
								history</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama">Early life and
								career</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama">Family</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama">Public image</a></li>
					</ul>

					<p><strong>Pre-presidency</strong></p>

					<p>&nbsp;</p>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">Illinois
								State Senator</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address">2004
								DNC keynote address</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">U.S.
								Senator from Illinois</a></li>
					</ul>

					<p><strong>President of the United States</strong></p>

					<p>&nbsp;</p>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama">Presidency</a>
							<ul>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency">Timeline</a>
								</li>
							</ul>
						</li>
					</ul>

					<p><strong>Policies</strong></p>

					<p>&nbsp;</p>
					<ul>
						<li><a
								href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Economy</a>
						</li>
						<li><a
								href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Energy</a>
						</li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Foreign
								policy</a>
							<ul>
								<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></li>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">Foreign
										trips</a></li>
							</ul>
						</li>
						<li><a
								href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama">Pardons</a>
						</li>
						<li><a
								href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Social</a>
						</li>
						<li><a
								href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Space</a>
						</li>
					</ul>

					<p><strong>Appointments</strong></p>

					<p>&nbsp;</p>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama#Personnel">Cabinet</a>
						</li>
						<li><a
								href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama">Judges</a>
						</li>
					</ul>

					<p><strong>First term</strong></p>

					<p>&nbsp;</p>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign">Campaign for
								the Presidency</a>
							<ul>
								<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election">2008
										general election</a></li>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign">Primaries</a>
								</li>
							</ul>
						</li>
						<li><a
								href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama">Transition</a>
						</li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">1st
								inauguration</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency">First
								100 days</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Affordable
								Care Act</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq">Iraq
								Withdrawal</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Death of Osama bin
								Laden</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack">Benghazi attack</a></li>
						<li>Timeline<ul>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)">'09</a>
								</li>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)">'10</a>
								</li>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)">'11</a>
								</li>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)">'12</a>
								</li>
							</ul>
						</li>
					</ul>

					<p><strong>Second term</strong></p>

					<p>&nbsp;</p>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign">Reelection
								campaign</a><br>
							<ul>
								<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election">2012
										general election</a></li>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election">Reactions</a>
								</li>
							</ul>
						</li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">2nd
								inauguration</a></li>
						<li><a
								href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_reform_in_the_United_States#Obama's_executive_actions_of_November_2014">Immigration
								executive action</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Iran deal</a>
						</li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li>
						<li>Timeline<ul>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)">'13</a>
								</li>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)">'14</a>
								</li>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)">'15</a>
								</li>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016)">'16</a>
								</li>
								<li><a
										href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2017)">'17</a>
								</li>
							</ul>
						</li>
					</ul>

					<p><strong>Post-presidency</strong></p>

					<p>&nbsp;</p>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center">Planned Library</a>
						</li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Foundation">Obama Foundation</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My
									Father</i></a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a>
						</li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li>
					</ul>
					<figure class="image"><img
							src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png"
							alt=""
							srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x"
							sizes="100vw" width="70"></figure>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama_series">v</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama_series">t</a></li>
						<li><a
								href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Barack_Obama_series&amp;action=edit">e</a>
						</li>
					</ul>
				</th>
			</tr>
		</tbody>
	</table>
</figure>
<figure class="table">
	<table>
		<tbody>
			<tr>
				<th>Part of a series on</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrats">New Democrats</a></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>
					<figure class="image"><img
							src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/180px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg"
							alt="Barack Obama and Bill Clinton"
							srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/270px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/360px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x"
							sizes="100vw" width="180"></figure>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>

					<p><strong>Ideology</strong><a
							href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>

					<p>&nbsp;</p>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>

					<p><strong>People</strong><a
							href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>

					<p>&nbsp;</p>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>

					<p><strong>Organizations</strong><a
							href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>

					<p>&nbsp;</p>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"><strong>Politics portal</strong></a>
						</li>
					</ul>
					<figure class="image"><img
							src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png"
							alt="A coloured voting box.svg"
							srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x"
							sizes="100vw" width="16"></figure>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:New_Democrats">v</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:New_Democrats">t</a></li>
						<li><a
								href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:New_Democrats&amp;action=edit">e</a>
						</li>
					</ul>
				</th>
			</tr>
		</tbody>
	</table>
</figure>

<p><strong>Barack Hussein Obama II</strong> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English">/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn
		oʊˈbɑːmə/</a> (</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png"
		alt="About this sound"
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="11"></figure>

<p><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg">listen</a>);<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-1">[1]</a> born August 4, 1961) is an American
	attorney and politician who served as the 44th <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">president of the United States</a> from 2009
	to 2017. A member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)">Democratic
		Party</a>, he was the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American">African American</a>
	president of the United States. He previously served as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._senator">U.S.
		senator</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a> from 2005 to 2008 and an <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois state senator</a> from 1997 to 2004.</p>

<p>Obama was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. After graduating from <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University">Columbia University</a> in 1983, he worked as a
	community organizer in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago">Chicago</a>. In 1988, he enrolled in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School">Harvard Law School</a>, where he was the first black
	president of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a>. After
	graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School">University of Chicago Law School</a> from
	1992 to 2004. He <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">represented the 13th
		district for three terms</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois Senate</a>
	from 1997 until 2004, when he <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004">ran for the U.S.
		Senate</a>. He received national attention in 2004 with his March primary win, his well-received July <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address">keynote address</a>,
	and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated for president a year after <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign">his campaign</a> began, after <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008">a close primary campaign</a>
	against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. He was <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election">elected</a> over <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)">Republican</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain">John McCain</a> and was <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inaugurated</a> on January 20, 2009.
	Nine months later, he was named the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009 Nobel Peace
		Prize</a> laureate.</p>

<p>Regarded as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrist">centrist</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrat">New Democrat</a>, Obama signed many landmark bills into law
	during his first two years in office. The main reforms that were passed include the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
		Affordable Care Act</a> (commonly referred to as the "Affordable Care Act" or "Obamacare"), the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act">Dodd–Frank
		Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>, and the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal
		Act of 2010</a>. The <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
		Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010">Tax
		Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> served as economic stimulus
	amidst the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">Great Recession</a>. After a lengthy debate over
	the national debt limit, he signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011">Budget
		Control</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012">American
		Taxpayer Relief Acts</a>. In foreign policy, he increased U.S. troop levels in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)">Afghanistan</a>, reduced nuclear
	weapons with the United States–Russia <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START">New START</a> treaty, and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq">ended military involvement</a> in the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>. He ordered <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya">military involvement in Libya</a>,
	contributing to the overthrow of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. He
	also ordered the military operations that resulted in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">the deaths of Osama bin Laden</a> and suspected
	Yemeni <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> operative <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>.</p>

<p>After winning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election">re-election</a> by
	defeating Republican opponent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, Obama was <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">sworn in for a second term</a> in 2013.
	During this term, he promoted inclusion for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_American">LGBT
		Americans</a>. His administration filed briefs that urged the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme Court</a> to strike down <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a> bans as
	unconstitutional (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor"><i>United States v.
			Windsor</i></a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell v.
			Hodges</i></a>); same-sex marriage was <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">legalized</a> nationwide in 2015
	after the Court ruled in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell</i></a>. He
	advocated for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States">gun control</a> in response
	to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School
		shooting</a>, indicating support for a ban on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_weapons">assault
		weapons</a>, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming">global warming</a> and immigration. In foreign policy, he
	ordered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)">military
		intervention in Iraq</a> in response to gains made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL">ISIL</a>
	after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ending_U.S._combat_operations_in_Afghanistan">ending U.S. combat operations
		in Afghanistan</a> in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on global climate change, initiated <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Ukrainian_crisis">sanctions against
		Russia</a> following the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)">invasion in
		Ukraine</a> and again after <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections">Russian
		interference in the 2016 United States elections</a>, brokered a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">nuclear deal with Iran</a>, and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw">normalized U.S. relations with Cuba</a>.
	Obama nominated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates">three justices to the
		Supreme Court</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> were confirmed as justices, while <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland">Merrick Garland</a> faced unprecedented partisan <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination">obstruction</a> and was ultimately
	not confirmed. During his term in office, America's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power">soft
		power</a> and reputation abroad significantly improved.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-2">[2]</a></p>

<p>Obama's presidency has generally been regarded favorably, and evaluations of his presidency among historians,
	political scientists, and the general public place him among <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Notable_scholar_surveys">the
		upper tier</a> of American presidents. Obama left office and retired in January 2017 and currently resides in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?-4">[4]</a>
	A December 2019 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup%27s_most_admired_man_and_woman_poll">Gallup poll</a>
	found that Obama was the most admired man in America for a record 12th consecutive year.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-5">[5]</a></p>
<h2><strong>Contents</strong></h2>
<ul>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Early_life_and_career">1Early life and career</a>
		<ul>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Education">1.1Education</a></li>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Family_and_personal_life">1.2Family and personal
					life</a>
				<ul>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Religious_views">1.2.1Religious views</a>
					</li>
				</ul>
			</li>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Law_career">1.3Law career</a>
				<ul>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Community_organizer_and_Harvard_Law_School">1.3.1Community
							organizer and Harvard Law School</a></li>
					<li><a
							href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Chicago_Law_School_and_civil_rights_attorney">1.3.2Chicago
							Law School and civil rights attorney</a></li>
				</ul>
			</li>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Legislative_career">1.4Legislative career</a>
				<ul>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Illinois_State_Senator_(1997%E2%80%932004)">1.4.1Illinois
							State Senator (1997–2004)</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2004_U.S._Senate_campaign">1.4.22004 U.S.
							Senate campaign</a></li>
					<li><a
							href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#U.S._Senator_from_Illinois_(2005%E2%80%9308)">1.4.3U.S.
							Senator from Illinois (2005–08)</a></li>
				</ul>
			</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidential_campaigns">2Presidential campaigns</a>
		<ul>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2008">2.12008</a></li>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2012">2.22012</a></li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidency_(2009%E2%80%932017)">3Presidency (2009–2017)</a>
		<ul>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#First_100_days">3.1First 100 days</a></li>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Domestic_policy">3.2Domestic policy</a>
				<ul>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#LGBT_rights">3.2.1LGBT rights</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#White_House_advisory_and_oversight_groups">3.2.2White
							House advisory and oversight groups</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Economic_policy">3.2.3Economic policy</a>
					</li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Environmental_policy">3.2.4Environmental
							policy</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Health_care_reform">3.2.5Health care
							reform</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Energy_policy">3.2.6Energy policy</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Gun_control">3.2.7Gun control</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2010_midterm_elections">3.2.82010 midterm
							elections</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Cybersecurity_and_Internet_policy">3.2.9Cybersecurity
							and Internet policy</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Government_mass_surveillance">3.2.10Government
							mass surveillance</a></li>
				</ul>
			</li>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Foreign_policy">3.3Foreign policy</a>
				<ul>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#War_in_Iraq">3.3.1War in Iraq</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#War_in_Afghanistan">3.3.2War in
							Afghanistan</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Israel">3.3.3Israel</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Libya">3.3.4Libya</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Syrian_Civil_War">3.3.5Syrian Civil War</a>
					</li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">3.3.6Death of
							Osama bin Laden</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Iran_nuclear_talks">3.3.7Iran nuclear
							talks</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Relations_with_Cuba">3.3.8Relations with
							Cuba</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Africa">3.3.9Africa</a></li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Hiroshima_speech">3.3.10Hiroshima speech</a>
					</li>
					<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Russia">3.3.11Russia</a></li>
				</ul>
			</li>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Cultural_and_political_image">3.4Cultural and
					political image</a></li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Post-presidency_(2017%E2%80%93present)">4Post-presidency
			(2017–present)</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Legacy">5Legacy</a>
		<ul>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidential_library">5.1Presidential library</a>
			</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Bibliography">6Bibliography</a>
		<ul>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Audiobooks">6.1Audiobooks</a></li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#See_also">7See also</a>
		<ul>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Politics">7.1Politics</a></li>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Other">7.2Other</a></li>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Lists">7.3Lists</a></li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Notes_and_references">8Notes and references</a>
		<ul>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Notes">8.1Notes</a></li>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#References">8.2References</a></li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Further_reading">9Further reading</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#External_links">10External links</a>
		<ul>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Official">10.1Official</a></li>
			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Other_2">10.2Other</a></li>
		</ul>
	</li>
</ul>
<h2>Early life and career</h2>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Early life and
			career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-biography-6">[6]</a>
	at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children">Kapiolani Medical Center
		for Women and Children</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-birth-certificate-7">[7]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-maraniss-8">[8]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-9">[9]</a> He is the only president born outside the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States">contiguous</a> 48 states.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-10">[10]</a> He was born to an
	American mother of European descent and an African father. His mother, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (1942–1995), was born in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>; she was mostly of English descent,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-11">[11]</a> with some German, Irish, Scottish,
	Swiss, and Welsh ancestry.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-12">[12]</a> His father, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (1936–1982),<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-13">[13]</a> was a married<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated2-14">[14]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_people_of_Kenya_and_Tanzania">Luo Kenyan</a> from <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyang%27oma_Kogelo">Nyang'oma Kogelo</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated2-14">[14]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Obama's parents met in 1960 in a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language">Russian language</a> class at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa">University of Hawaii at Manoa</a>, where his
	father was a foreign student on a scholarship.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Jones_2007-18">[18]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310-19">[19]</a> The
	couple married in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wailuku,_Hawaii">Wailuku, Hawaii</a>, on February 2, 1961,
	six months before Obama was born.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Ripley_2008-20">[20]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-21">[21]</a></p>

<p>In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington">University of Washington</a> in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle">Seattle</a>, where they lived for a year. During that time, the
	elder Obama completed his undergraduate degree in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics">economics</a> in
	Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a>, where he earned an <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts">M.A.</a> in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March
	1964.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964,
	where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the
	Ministry of Finance.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He visited his son in
	Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-24">[24]</a>
	before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Recalling his early childhood, Obama
	said, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as
	milk—barely registered in my mind."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310-19">[19]</a> He
	described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-26">[26]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg/150px-Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg/225px-Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="150"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama (right) with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama,_Sr.">his father</a> in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, 1971</p>

<p>In 1963, Dunham met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>; he was an <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Indonesian">Indonesian</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center">East–West Center</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_student">graduate student</a> in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography">geography</a>. The couple married on <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai">Molokai</a> on March 15, 1965.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-27">[27]</a> After two one-year extensions of his <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-1_visa">J-1 visa</a>, Lolo returned to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen
	months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebet,_South_Jakarta">Tebet</a> sub district of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jakarta">south Jakarta</a>. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier
	neighborhood in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteng">Menteng</a> sub district of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta">central Jakarta</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-28">[28]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Education</strong></h3>

<p>Obama started in St. Francis Pre-Education from age three to five. From age six to ten, he then attended local <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Language">Indonesian-language</a> schools: <i>Sekolah Dasar
		Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi</i> (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Elementary_School_Menteng_01"><i>Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng
			01</i></a> (State Elementary School Menteng 01/Besuki school) for one and a half years, supplemented by
	English-language <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_School">Calvert School</a> homeschooling by his
	mother.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-30">[30]</a> As a result of those four years in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, he was able to speak <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language">Indonesian</a> fluently as a child.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-in_Jakarta-32">[32]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-in_Jakarta2-33">[33]</a> During his time in
	Indonesia, Obama's step-father taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the
	world works."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-34">[34]</a></p>

<p>In 1971, Obama returned to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a> to live with his maternal
	grandparents, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham">Madelyn</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham">Stanley Dunham</a>. He attended <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou School</a>—a private <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school">college preparatory school</a>—with the aid
	of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In his youth, Obama went by the nickname
	"Barry."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Obama lived with his mother and
	half-sister, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro</a>, in Hawaii for three years
	from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology">anthropology</a> at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii with his
	grandparents for high school at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou</a> when his mother
	and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975 so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-38">[38]</a> His mother spent most of the next two
	decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD">PhD</a>
	degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer">ovarian</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_cancer">uterine cancer</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-39">[39]</a></p>

<p>Obama later reflected on his years in Honolulu and wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a
	variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the
	values that I hold most dear."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Obama has
	also written and talked about using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)">alcohol</a>, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana">marijuana</a>, and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine">cocaine</a> during his teenage years to "push questions of who I
	was out of my mind."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Obama was also a
	member of the "choom gang," a self-named group of friends who spent time together and occasionally smoked
	marijuana.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-43">[43]</a></p>

<p>After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles">Los
		Angeles</a> to attend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College">Occidental College</a>. In
	February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa">disinvestment from South Africa</a> in
	response to that nation's policy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Occidental-44">[44]</a> In mid-1981, Obama traveled
	to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">India</a> for three weeks.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Occidental-44">[44]</a> Later in 1981, he transferred
	as a junior to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University">Columbia College,
		Columbia University</a> in New York City, where he majored in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science">political science</a> with a specialty in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations">international relations</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature">English literature</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and lived off-campus on West 109th
	Street.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He graduated with a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts">BA</a> degree in 1983 and worked for about a year at the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_International_Corporation">Business International Corporation</a>,
	where he was a financial researcher and writer,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-49">[49]</a> then as a project coordinator for the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group">New York Public Interest Research
		Group</a> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York">City College of New York</a>
	campus for three months in 1985.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-52">[52]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Family and personal life</strong></h3>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Family of Barack Obama</i></a>
</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/220px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/330px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/440px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama poses in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Room_(White_House)">Green Room</a> of the White House
	with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, 2009.</p>

<p>In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama">his extended family</a>: "It's like a little
	mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Mac">Bernie Mac</a>, and I've got relatives who look like <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was
	raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family—six of them living.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Obama's mother was survived by her
	Kansas-born mother, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a>,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-55">[55]</a> until her death on November 2, 2008,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-56">[56]</a> two days before his election to the
	Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneygall">Moneygall</a> in May 2011.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In <i>Dreams from My Father</i>, Obama
	ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America">President of the Confederate
		States of America</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War">American Civil
		War</a>. He also shares distant ancestors in common with <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, among others.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-60">[60]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/220px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/330px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/440px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Toews">Jonathan Toews</a> and the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup">Stanley Cup</a> champion <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks">Chicago Blackhawks</a>, 2010</p>

<p>Obama is a supporter of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>, and he
	threw out the first pitch at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_American_League_Championship_Series">2005 ALCS</a> when he was still a
	senator.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 2009, he threw out the
	ceremonial first pitch at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game">All-Star Game</a> while wearing a
	White Sox jacket.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-62">[62]</a> He is also primarily a
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears">Chicago Bears</a> football fan in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League">NFL</a>, but in his childhood and adolescence was
	a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeler_Nation">fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers</a>, and rooted for them
	ahead of their victory in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII">Super Bowl XLIII</a> 12 days
	after he took office as president.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Steelers-63">[63]</a> In 2011, Obama invited the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season">1985 Chicago Bears</a> to the White House; the
	team had not visited the White House after their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XX">Super Bowl
		win</a> in 1986 due to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster">Space
		Shuttle Challenger disaster</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-64">[64]</a> He
	plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and he is left-handed.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-66">[66]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/170px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg"
		alt="Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players attempts to block Obama."
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/255px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/340px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama takes a left-handed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_shot_(basketball)">jump shot</a> during a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_game">pickup game</a> on the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a> basketball court, 2009.</p>

<p>Obama lived with anthropologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager">Sheila Miyoshi Jager</a>
	while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-67">[67]</a> He proposed
	to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-67">[67]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-68">[68]</a> The
	relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-68">[68]</a></p>

<p>In June 1989, Obama met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama">Michelle Robinson</a> when he was
	employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidley_Austin">Sidley Austin</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Robinson was assigned for three months
	as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial
	requests to date.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-70">[70]</a> They began dating later
	that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-71">[71]</a> After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle
	underwent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a> to conceive
	their children.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The couple's first
	daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-73">[73]</a>
	followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Obama daughters attended the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory
		Schools</a>. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidwell_Friends_School">Sidwell Friends School</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Obamas have two <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Water_Dog">Portuguese Water Dogs</a>; the first, a male named <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_(dog)">Bo</a>, was a gift from Senator <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2013, Bo was joined by <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_(dog)">Sunny</a>, a female.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Feldmann-77">[77]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/170px-DIG13623-230.jpg" alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/255px-DIG13623-230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/340px-DIG13623-230.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama and his wife Michelle at the Civil Rights Summit at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBJ_Presidential_Library">LBJ Presidential Library</a>, 2014</p>

<p>In 2005, the family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago">Hyde Park, Chicago</a> condominium to a
	$1.6&nbsp;million house (equivalent to $2.1&nbsp;million in 2019) in neighboring <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago">Kenwood, Chicago</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale
	of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rezko">Tony Rezko</a>—attracted media attention because of Rezko's
	subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-corruption_charges-79">[79]</a></p>

<p>In December 2007, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_(magazine)"><i>Money Magazine</i></a> estimated
	Obama's net worth at $1.3&nbsp;million (equivalent to $1.6&nbsp;million in 2019) .<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Their 2009 tax return showed a household
	income of $5.5&nbsp;million—up from about $4.2&nbsp;million in 2007 and $1.6&nbsp;million in 2005—mostly from sales
	of his books.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On his 2010 income of $1.7&nbsp;million,
	he gave 14% to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_House_Foundation">Fisher House Foundation</a>, a charity assisting
	wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama
	may be worth as much as $10&nbsp;million.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-networth12-85">[85]</a></p>

<p>In early 2010, Michelle spoke about her husband's smoking habit and said Barack had quit smoking.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-reuters-smoking-86">[86]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-87">[87]</a></p>

<p>On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama penned an essay in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)"><i>Glamour</i></a>, in which he described how his
	daughters and the presidency have made him a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist">feminist</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-90">[90]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Religious views</strong></h4>

<p>Obama is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant">Protestant</a> Christian whose religious views
	developed in his adult life.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Christian-91">[91]</a> He
	wrote in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a> that he "was
	not raised in a religious household." He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached
	from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person&nbsp;... I have ever known." He described his
	father as a "confirmed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism">atheist</a>" by the time his parents met, and
	his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church">black churches</a> as a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing">community organizer</a> while in his twenties, he came
	to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-social_change-92">[92]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/220px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/330px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/440px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>The Obamas worship at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church">African Methodist
		Episcopal Church</a> in Washington, D.C., January 2013.</p>

<p>In January 2008, Obama told <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_Today"><i>Christianity Today</i></a>:
	"I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)">redemptive death</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> Christ. I believe that
	faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-93">[93]</a> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a
	statement commenting on his religious views saying, "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they
	weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she
	didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of
	Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters'
	keeper, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule">treating others as they would treat me</a>."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-APbychoice-94">[94]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-95">[95]</a></p>

<p>Obama met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ">Trinity United Church of Christ</a>
	pastor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright">Jeremiah Wright</a> in October 1987 and became a
	member of Trinity in 1992.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Trinity-96">[96]</a> During
	Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy">some of Wright's statements were
		criticized</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Since moving to
	Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)">Shiloh Baptist Church</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square">St. John's Episcopal
		Church</a>, as well as Evergreen Chapel at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David">Camp David</a>,
	but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-100">[100]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Law career</strong></h3>
<h4><strong>Community organizer and Harvard Law School</strong></h4>

<p>Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_Communities_Project">Developing Communities Project</a>, a
	church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseland,_Chicago">Roseland</a>, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pullman,_Chicago">West Pullman</a>, and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale,_Chicago">Riverdale</a> on Chicago's <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago">South Side</a>. He worked there as a community
	organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-101">[101]</a> He helped set up a job training
	program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altgeld_Gardens_Homes_(Chicago,_Illinois)">Altgeld Gardens</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a> Obama also worked as
	a consultant and instructor for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_Foundation">Gamaliel
		Foundation</a>, a community organizing institute.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first
	time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama#Paternal_relations">paternal relatives</a> for the
	first time.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_2012-104">[104]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-105">[105]</a></p>
<figure class="table">
	<table>
		<tbody>
			<tr>
				<td colspan="2">
					<figure class="image"><img
							src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png"
							alt=""
							srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x"
							sizes="100vw" width="16"></figure>

					<p>&nbsp;<a href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">Derrick Bell threatens to
							leave Harvard</a>, April 24, 1990, 11:34, <a
							href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation">Boston TV Digital
							Archive</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-wgbh-106">[106]</a>
						Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25.</p>
				</td>
			</tr>
		</tbody>
	</table>
</figure>

<p>Despite being offered a full scholarship to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law">Northwestern University School of
		Law</a>, Obama enrolled at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School">Harvard Law School</a> in
	the fall of 1988, living in nearby <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts">Somerville,
		Massachusetts</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-107">[107]</a> He was selected
	as an editor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a> at the
	end of his first year,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-108">[108]</a>
	president of the journal in his second year,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-109">[109]</a> and research
	assistant to the constitutional scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a>
	while at Harvard for two years.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-110">[110]</a> During
	his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_attorney#Summer_associates">summer associate</a> at the law firms
	of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidley_Austin">Sidley Austin</a> in 1989 and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_%26_Sutter">Hopkins &amp; Sutter</a> in 1990.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-111">[111]</a> After graduating with a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor">JD</a> degree <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_cum_laude"><i>magna cum laude</i></a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Juris_Doctor-112">[112]</a> from Harvard in 1991, he
	returned to Chicago.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-108">[108]</a>
	Obama's election as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts">first black
		president of the <i>Harvard Law Review</i></a> gained national media attention<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-109">[109]</a> and led to a
	publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a> which evolved into a
	personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney</strong></h4>

<p>In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School">University of Chicago Law School</a> to
	work on his first book.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Fellow-114">[114]</a> He then taught <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law">constitutional law</a> at the University of Chicago Law
	School for twelve years, first as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturer">lecturer</a> from 1992 to 1996,
	and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-115">[115]</a></p>

<p>From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Vote">Project
		Vote</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_registration_campaign">voter registration campaign</a>
	with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000
	unregistered African Americans in the state, leading <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crain%27s_Chicago_Business"><i>Crain's Chicago Business</i></a> to name
	Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Forty-116">[116]</a></p>

<p>He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill &amp; Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and
	neighborhood economic development, where he was an <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_attorney">associate</a> for three years from 1993 to 1996, then <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_counsel">of counsel</a> from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one
	of the lawyers in <i>Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank</i>, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.).<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-117">[117]</a> This <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-action_lawsuit">class action lawsuit</a> was filed in 1994 with Selma
	Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden
	under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> and
	the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act">Fair Housing Act</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The case was settled out of court.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Final judgment was issued on May 13,
	1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-120">[120]</a> His law license became inactive in
	2007.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-DavisMiner-122">[122]</a></p>

<p>From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Fund_of_Chicago">Woods Fund of Chicago</a>—which in 1985 had been the
	first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Foundation">Joyce Foundation</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a> He served on the board of
	directors of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Annenberg_Challenge">Chicago Annenberg Challenge</a>
	from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Legislative career</strong></h3>
<h4><strong>Illinois State Senator (1997–2004)</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Illinois
			Senate career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/220px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/330px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/440px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShoreBank">ShoreBank</a> co-founder Milton Davis in 1998.</p>

<p>Obama was elected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois Senate</a> in 1996,
	succeeding Democratic State Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)">Alice
		Palmer</a> from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago">Hyde Park</a>–<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago">Kenwood</a> south to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore,_Chicago">South Shore</a> and west to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Lawn,_Chicago">Chicago Lawn</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan
	support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-125">[125]</a> He sponsored a law that increased <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credit">tax credits</a> for low-income workers, negotiated <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_reform">welfare reform</a>, and promoted increased subsidies for
	childcare.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott20070730-126">[126]</a> In 2001, as
	co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payday_loan">payday loan</a> regulations and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_lending">predatory mortgage lending</a> regulations aimed at
	averting home <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreclosure">foreclosures</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-128">[128]</a></p>

<p>He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was
	re-elected again in 2002.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2000, he lost a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election">Democratic primary
		race</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district">Illinois's 1st
		congressional district</a> in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of
		Representatives</a> to four-term incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rush">Bobby Rush</a> by
	a margin of two to one.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Democratic_primary-131">[131]</a></p>

<p>In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats,
	after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-132">[132]</a> He sponsored and led unanimous,
	bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profiling">racial
		profiling</a> by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois
	the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott20070730-126">[126]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-135">[135]</a> During his 2004 general election
	campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police
	organizations in enacting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States">death
		penalty</a> reforms.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Obama resigned
	from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-137">[137]</a></p>
<h4><strong>2004 U.S. Senate campaign</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois"><i>2004
			United States Senate election in Illinois</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/130px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/195px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/260px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="130"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois; Obama won the counties in blue.</p>

<p>In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign
	committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)">David Axelrod</a> by August 2002.
	Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-138">[138]</a></p>

<p>Obama was an early opponent of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>
	administration's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-139">[139]</a> On October 2, 2002, the day President
	Bush and Congress agreed on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Resolution">joint resolution</a>
	authorizing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Rose_Garden-140">[140]</a> Obama addressed the first
	high-profile Chicago <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War">anti-Iraq War
		rally</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Federal_Plaza-141">[141]</a> and spoke
	out against the war.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-spoke_out-142">[142]</a> He
	addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd "it's not too late" to stop the war.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-stop_the_war-143">[143]</a></p>

<p>Decisions by Republican incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)">Peter
		Fitzgerald</a> and his Democratic predecessor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun">Carol
		Moseley Braun</a> to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary
	contests involving 15 candidates.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In the
	March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee">national Democratic Party</a>, started
	speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, <i>Dreams from My Father</i>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-future-145">[145]</a> In July 2004, Obama delivered
	the keynote address at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention">2004
		Democratic National Convention</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-146">[146]</a>
	seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-status-147">[147]</a></p>

<p>Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(politician)">Jack Ryan</a>, withdrew from the race in June
	2004.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Six weeks later, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> accepted the Republican nomination to replace
	Ryan.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004">November 2004 general
		election</a>, Obama won with 70% of the vote.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-margin-150">[150]</a></p>
<h4><strong>U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–08)</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>United
			States Senate career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/170px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/255px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/340px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate</p>

<p>Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-151">[151]</a> becoming the only Senate member of the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly"><i>CQ Weekly</i></a> characterized him as a "loyal
	Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he
	would <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate">resign his Senate seat</a>
	on November 16, 2008, before the start of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)">lame-duck</a> session, to focus on his transition
	period for the presidency.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-transition_period-153">[153]</a></p>

<p><strong>Legislation</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><i>See also: </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Obama_in_the_United_States_Senate"><i>List
			of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)">cosponsored</a> the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act">Secure America and Orderly
		Immigration Act</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-154">[154]</a> He introduced
	two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction">Nunn–Lugar Cooperative
		Threat Reduction</a> concept to conventional weapons;<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-155">[155]</a> and the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006">Federal Funding
		Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006</a>, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web
	search engine on federal spending.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-156">[156]</a> On
	June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carper">Tom Carper</a>,
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Coburn">Tom Coburn</a>, and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain">John McCain</a>—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening
	Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-157">[157]</a></p>

<p>Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of
	radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Regarding <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_reform">tort reform</a>, Obama voted for the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005">Class Action Fairness Act of 2005</a> and
	the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008">FISA
		Amendments Act of 2008</a>, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit
	with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)">NSA warrantless
		wiretapping</a> operations.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Fisher-159">[159]</a>
</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/220px-Lugar-Obama.jpg"
		alt="Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder."
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/330px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/440px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama and U.S. Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lugar">Richard Lugar</a> (R-IN) visit a Russian
	facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-160">[160]</a></p>

<p>In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>
	Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its
	primary sponsor.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In January 2007, Obama and Senator
	Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honest_Leadership_and_Open_Government_Act">Honest Leadership and Open
		Government Act</a>, which was signed into law in September 2007.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Obama also introduced two unsuccessful
	bills: the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceptive_Practices_and_Voter_Intimidation_Prevention_Act">Deceptive
		Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act</a> to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-166">[166]</a> and the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_De-Escalation_Act_of_2007">Iraq War De-Escalation Act of
		2007</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-167">[167]</a></p>

<p>Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for
	personality-disorder military discharges.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-168">[168]</a> This amendment passed the full Senate
	in the spring of 2008.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-169">[169]</a> He sponsored the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_Iran">Iran Sanctions Enabling Act</a> supporting
	divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated
	in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010">Comprehensive
		Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010</a>;<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-170">[170]</a> and co-sponsored legislation to reduce
	risks of nuclear terrorism.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-171">[171]</a> Obama also sponsored
	a Senate amendment to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program">State
		Children's Health Insurance Program</a>, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for
	soldiers with combat-related injuries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-172">[172]</a>
</p>

<p><strong>Committees</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama speaks with a soldier stationed in Iraq, 2006.</p>

<p>Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations">Foreign Relations</a>,
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works">Environment
		and Public Works</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a>
	through December 2006.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In January 2007,
	he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions">Health,
		Education, Labor and Pensions</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs">Homeland
		Security and Governmental Affairs</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-174">[174]</a> He also became Chairman of the
	Senate's subcommittee on <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Europe_and_Regional_Security_Cooperation">European
		Affairs</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-175">[175]</a> As a member of the
	Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and
	Africa. He met with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> before Abbas became <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority">President of the
		Palestinian National Authority</a>, and gave a speech at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> in which he condemned
	corruption within the Kenyan government.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Kenyan-176">[176]</a></p>
<h2>Presidential campaigns</h2>
<h3><strong>2008</strong></h3>

<p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"><i>2008 United
			States presidential election</i></a><i>, </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2008
			presidential primary campaign</i></a><i>, and </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2008 presidential
			campaign</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/220px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg"
		alt="Photograph"
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/330px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/440px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, February 10, 2007</p>

<p>On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site_(Illinois)">Old State Capitol</a>
	building in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-177">[177]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BBC20070210-178">[178]</a> The choice of the
	announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> delivered his historic <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech">"House Divided"</a> speech in 1858.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-177">[177]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-179">[179]</a> Obama
	emphasized issues of rapidly ending the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>, increasing <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States">energy independence</a>, and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States">reforming the health care
		system</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-180">[180]</a> in a campaign that
	projected themes of hope and change.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-181">[181]</a></p>

<p>Numerous candidates entered the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008">Democratic Party presidential
		primaries</a>. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> after early contests, with the race
	remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)">delegates</a> due to better long-range
	planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus">caucus</a>
	states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-allocation-182">[182]</a> On June 7, 2008, Clinton
	ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-183">[183]</a>
</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg"
		alt="Photograph"
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Outgoing President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> meets with
	President-elect Obama in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a> on November 10,
	2008.</p>

<p>On August 23, Obama announced his selection of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware">Delaware</a> Senator
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> as his vice presidential running mate.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nagourney-184">[184]</a> Obama selected Biden from a
	field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Bayh">Evan Bayh</a> and Virginia Governor <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nagourney-184">[184]</a> At the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to
	endorse Obama, and she and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> gave convention
	speeches in his support.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-delegates-185">[185]</a> Obama
	delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High">Invesco Field at Mile High</a> to a crowd of
	approximately 84,000 people; the speech was viewed by over 38&nbsp;million people worldwide.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-npr1409-186">[186]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-acceptance-187">[187]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-188">[188]</a></p>

<p>During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records,
	particularly in the quantity of small donations.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-small_donations-189">[189]</a> On June 19, 2008,
	Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Public_financing_of_campaigns">public
		financing</a> in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-190">[190]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="280"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>2008 electoral vote results</p>

<p>John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin">Sarah Palin</a> as his running mate. The two candidates engaged
	in three <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates">presidential
		debates</a> in September and October 2008.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-presidential_debates-191">[191]</a> On November 4,
	Obama won the presidency with 365 <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)">electoral votes</a> to 173 received by
	McCain.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-electoral_votes-192">[192]</a> Obama won 52.9%
	of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election">popular vote</a> to McCain's 45.7%.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-193">[193]</a> He became the first African American
	to be elected president.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Obama delivered
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008">his victory speech</a> before
	hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)">Grant
		Park</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-independent1-195">[195]</a></p>
<h3><strong>2012</strong></h3>

<p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election"><i>2012 United
			States presidential election</i></a><i> and </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2012 presidential
			campaign</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/220px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/330px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/440px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama greets former Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a> in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a> on November 29, 2012, in their first meeting
	since Obama's re-election victory over Romney.</p>

<p>On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he
	posted on his website and filed election papers with the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-198">[198]</a> As the incumbent president he ran
	virtually unopposed in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012">Democratic Party presidential
		primaries</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-clinch1-199">[199]</a> and on
	April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention">convention</a> delegates needed to win
	the Democratic nomination.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-clinch2-200">[200]</a>
</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="280"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>2012 electoral vote results</p>

<p>At the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a>
	in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, Obama and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> were formally nominated by former President <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> as the Democratic Party candidates for
	president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, the former governor of Massachusetts, and
	Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> of Wisconsin.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-201">[201]</a></p>

<p>On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)">electoral votes</a>, exceeding the 270
	required for him to be reelected as president.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-204">[204]</a> With 51.1% of the popular vote,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-FEC-205">[205]</a> Obama became the first Democratic
	president since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to win the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin">majority
		of the popular vote</a> twice.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Obama addressed supporters and
	volunteers at Chicago's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick_Place">McCormick Place</a> after his
	reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not
	ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both
	parties."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT20130121-209">[209]</a></p>
<h2>Presidency (2009–2017)</h2>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Presidency of Barack
			Obama</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><i>For a chronological guide to this subject, see </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Timeline of the Presidency of
			Barack Obama</i></a><i>.</i></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet"><i>Confirmations
			of Barack Obama's Cabinet</i></a><i> and </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama"><i>List of
			international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h3><strong>First 100 days</strong></h3>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency"><i>First
			100 days of Barack Obama's presidency</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/220px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg"
		alt="Photograph"
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/330px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/440px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Barack Obama takes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States">the
		oath of office</a> administered by <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States">Chief Justice</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts">John G. Roberts Jr.</a> at <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol">the Capitol</a>, January 20, 2009</p>

<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inauguration of Barack Obama</a> as
	the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order">executive orders</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_memorandum">presidential memoranda</a> directing the U.S.
	military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-210">[210]</a> He ordered the closing of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-211">[211]</a> but Congress prevented the closure by
	refusing to appropriate the required funds<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-214">[214]</a> and preventing moving any Guantanamo
	detainee into the U.S. or to other countries.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Obama reduced the secrecy given to
	presidential records.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-216">[216]</a> He also revoked
	President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s restoration of President <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Policy">Mexico City Policy</a> prohibiting federal aid to
	international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-217">[217]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Domestic policy</strong></h3>

<p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Social
			policy of the Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>The first bill signed into law by Obama was the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of
		2009</a>, relaxing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations">statute of limitations</a>
	for equal-pay lawsuits.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Five days later,
	he signed the reauthorization of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program">State Children's Health
		Insurance Program</a> (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4&nbsp;million uninsured children.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In March 2009, Obama reversed a
	Bush-era policy that had limited funding of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell">embryonic
		stem cell</a> research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-220">[220]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama delivers a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_February_2009">speech at
		joint session of Congress</a> with Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe
		Biden</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> on February 24, 2009.</p>

<p>Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. He nominated <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> on May 26, 2009 to replace retiring <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Associate
		Justice</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Souter">David Souter</a>; she was confirmed on August
	6, 2009,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-221">[221]</a> becoming the first Supreme
	Court Justice of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic">Hispanic</a> descent.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Obama nominated <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> on May 10, 2010 to replace retiring Associate
	Justice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>. She was confirmed on August
	5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three justices for the first time in
	American history.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-223">[223]</a></p>

<p>On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010">Health Care and
		Education Reconciliation Act</a>, a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)">reconciliation bill</a> that ended
	the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans,
	increased the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_Grant">Pell Grant</a> scholarship award, and made changes
	to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-225">[225]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/220px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/330px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/440px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama meets with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States">Cabinet of the United
		States</a>, November 23, 2009.</p>

<p>In a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">major space policy
		speech</a> in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA">NASA</a>, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> to the moon and development of the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I">Ares I</a> rocket, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_V">Ares V</a> rocket and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_program">Constellation program</a>, in favor of funding Earth
	science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and
	ongoing missions to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space
		Station</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-226">[226]</a></p>

<p>President Obama's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address">2011 State of the Union
		Address</a> focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation_economics">innovation economics</a> to make the United States
	more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil
	companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmark_(politics)">earmarks</a>, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised
	the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and be 80% reliant on "<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy">clean</a>" electricity.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-228">[228]</a></p>
<h4><strong>LGBT rights</strong></h4>

<p>On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act">Matthew
		Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, a measure that expanded the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States#Federal_prosecution_of_hate_crimes">1969
		United States federal hate-crime law</a> to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender,
	sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-229">[229]</a></p>

<p>On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV">HIV</a>, which was celebrated by <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Equality">Immigration Equality</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-230">[230]</a></p>

<p>On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal
		Act of 2010</a>, which fulfilled a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-232">[232]</a> to end the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell">Don't ask, don't tell</a> policy of 1993 that had
	prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-233">[233]</a> In 2016, the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon">Pentagon</a> also ended the policy that barred <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender">transgender</a> people from serving openly in the military.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-TransBan1-234">[234]</a></p>

<p>As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama had said he favored legalizing <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WCT0114-235">[235]</a> By the time of his Senate run
	in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex
	marriages.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WCT0204-236">[236]</a> In 2008, he
	reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay
	marriage."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-237">[237]</a> On May 9, 2012, shortly after
	the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly
	affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president
	to do so.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-239">[239]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/220px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/330px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/440px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a> was illuminated in rainbow colors on the
	evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling, June 26, 2015.</p>

<p>During his second <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inaugural address</a>
	on January 21, 2013,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT20130121-209">[209]</a> Obama
	became the first U.S. President in office to call for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is not complete
	until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal,
	then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." This was the first time that a president
	mentioned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States">gay rights</a> or the word "gay"
	in an inaugural address.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-241">[241]</a></p>

<p>In 2013, the Obama Administration filed briefs that urged the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme Court</a> to rule in favor of
	same-sex couples in the cases of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry"><i>Hollingsworth v.
			Perry</i></a> (regarding <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a>)<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-huffpo-amicus-242">[242]</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor"><i>United States v. Windsor</i></a> (regarding the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>).<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cnn-amicus-243">[243]</a> Then, following the Supreme
	Court's 2015 decision in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell v.
			Hodges</i></a> (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted that, "This decision
	affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are
	all more free."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-remarksDecision-244">[244]</a></p>

<p>On July 30, 2015, the White House Office of National AIDS Policy revised its strategy for addressing the disease,
	which included widespread testing and linkage to healthcare, which was celebrated by the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-245">[245]</a></p>
<h4><strong>White House advisory and oversight groups</strong></h4>

<p>On March 11, 2009, Obama created the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Council_on_Women_and_Girls">White House Council on Women and
		Girls</a>, which formed part of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs">Office of Intergovernmental
		Affairs</a>, having been established by <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)">Executive Order</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13506">13506</a> with a broad mandate to advise him on
	issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Executive-246">[246]</a> The Council was chaired by
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President">Senior Advisor to the President</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Jarrett">Valerie Jarrett</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Sexualassault-247">[247]</a> Obama also established
	the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault">White
		House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a> through a government memorandum on January 22,
	2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses
	throughout the United States.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Sexualassault-247">[247]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Memo-248">[248]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Freedom-249">[249]</a> The co-chairs of the Task
	Force were Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> and Jarrett.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Memo-248">[248]</a> The Task Force was a development
	out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States">Office of the Vice
		President of the United States</a>, and prior to that the 1994 <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act">Violence Against Women Act</a> first drafted by
	Biden.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Report-250">[250]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Economic policy</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Economic policy of
			the Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/220px-seek%3D63-20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.jpg"
		alt="File:20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama presents his first <a
		href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obama_Administration_weekly_video_addresses">weekly address</a> as
	President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
		Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></p>

<p>On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
		Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, a $787&nbsp;billion <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)">economic stimulus</a> package aimed at helping the
	economy recover from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">deepening worldwide
		recession</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-251">[251]</a> The act includes
	increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_incentive">incentives</a>, and direct assistance to individuals.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-direct_assistance-252">[252]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/220px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/330px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/440px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_budget">Deficit</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States">debt</a> increases, 2001–16</p>

<p>In March, Obama's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Secretary">Treasury Secretary</a>, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a>, took further steps to manage the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308">financial crisis</a>, including
	introducing the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets">Public–Private
		Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a>, which contains provisions for buying up to two&nbsp;trillion dollars
	in depreciated real estate assets.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-markets_opened-253">[253]</a></p>

<p>Obama intervened in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310">troubled automotive
		industry</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-254">[254]</a> in March 2009, renewing
	loans for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors">General Motors</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler">Chrysler</a> to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the
	following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization">sale of Chrysler</a> to Italian
	automaker <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat">Fiat</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-255">[255]</a> and a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization">reorganization of GM</a> giving
	the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12% stake.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the
	pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky-257">[257]</a>
	He signed into law the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Allowance_Rebate_System">Car Allowance Rebate
		System</a>, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers," which temporarily boosted the economy.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-260">[260]</a></p>

<p>The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System">Federal Reserve</a> and the Treasury Department.
	These guarantees totaled about $11.5&nbsp;trillion, but only $3&nbsp;trillion had been spent by the end of November
	2009.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Obama and the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> predicted the
	2010 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_federal_budget">budget deficit</a> would be
	$1.5&nbsp;trillion or 10.6% of the nation's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product">gross
		domestic product</a> (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4&nbsp;trillion or 9.9% of GDP.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-263">[263]</a> For 2011, the administration predicted
	the deficit would shrink to $1.34&nbsp;trillion, and the 10-year deficit would increase to $8.53&nbsp;trillion or
	90% of GDP.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The most recent increase in
	the U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_debt_ceiling">debt ceiling</a> to $17.2&nbsp;trillion
	took effect in February 2014.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-265">[265]</a> On August
	2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the
	bipartisan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011">Budget Control Act of 2011</a>. The
	legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt
	limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with
	a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5&nbsp;trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic
	procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2&nbsp;trillion if legislation originating with the new joint
	select committee does not achieve such savings.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-266">[266]</a> By passing the legislation, Congress
	was able to prevent a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">U.S.
		government</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance)">default</a> on its obligations.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-267">[267]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/300px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/450px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/600px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="300"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>US employment statistics (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_rate">unemployment rate</a> and monthly
	changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-269">[269]</a></p>

<p>As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0% and averaging
	10.0% in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell
	to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Theodossiou-270">[270]</a> Between February and
	December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable
	periods in the past four employment recoveries.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Eddlemon-271">[271]</a> By November 2012, the
	unemployment rate fell to 7.7%,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-272">[272]</a>
	decreasing to 6.7% in the last month of 2013.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-273">[273]</a> During 2014, the unemployment rate
	continued to decline, falling to 6.3% in the first quarter.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-274">[274]</a> GDP growth returned in the third
	quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6%, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BEA1-275">[275]</a> Growth continued in 2010, posting
	an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BEA1-275">[275]</a> In July 2010, the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System">Federal Reserve</a> noted that economic activity
	continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> said the economic outlook was "unusually
	uncertain."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Overall, the economy
	expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-277">[277]</a></p>

<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO) and a
	broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-estimated-278">[278]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-newc-279">[279]</a> The CBO released a report stating
	that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1&nbsp;million,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-newc-279">[279]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-282">[282]</a> while conceding that "It is impossible
	to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-estimated-278">[278]</a> Although an April 2010,
	survey of members of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_Business_Economics">National Association for
		Business Economics</a> showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in
	two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-283">[283]</a> The economy of the United States has
	grown faster than the other original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO">NATO</a> members by a wider margin
	under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-284">[284]</a> The <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> credits the
	much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the US and the austerity measures in the European
	Union.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-285">[285]</a></p>

<p>Within a month of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_elections">2010 midterm
		elections</a>, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a
	temporary, two-year extension of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts">2001 and 2003 income tax
		rates</a>, a one-year <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax">payroll
		tax</a> reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States">estate taxes</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The compromise overcame opposition
	from some in both parties, and the resulting $858&nbsp;billion <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010">Tax
		Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> passed with bipartisan
	majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-287">[287]</a></p>

<p>In December 2013, Obama declared that growing <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States">income inequality</a> is a "defining
	challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of
	the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food_worker_strikes">nationwide strikes of fast-food workers</a> and
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a>' criticism of inequality and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickle-down_economics">trickle-down economics</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-288">[288]</a></p>

<p>Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-289">[289]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Environmental policy</strong></h4>

<p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States"><i>Climate change
			policy of the United States</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/220px-Obama-venice-la.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/330px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/440px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama at a 2010 briefing on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_oil_spill">BP oil spill</a> at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard">Coast Guard</a> Station Venice in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana">Venice, Louisiana</a></p>

<p>On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil
	refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming">global warming</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-291">[291]</a></p>

<p>On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig">drilling
		rig</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect">Macondo Prospect</a> in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, causing a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill">major sustained oil leak</a>. Obama visited the
	Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after
	a review by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior">Secretary of the
		Interior</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> and concurrent Congressional
	hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_drilling">deepwater drilling</a> permits and leases, pending
	regulatory review.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-292">[292]</a> As multiple efforts
	by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident,
	and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-293">[293]</a></p>

<p>In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_XL_pipeline">Keystone XL pipeline</a> if it increased carbon
	pollution" or "greenhouse emissions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Obama's advisers called for a halt to
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic">petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a>
	in January 2013.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-296">[296]</a> On February 24, 2015,
	Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-297">[297]</a> It was the third veto of Obama's
	presidency and his first major veto.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-298">[298]</a></p>

<p>Obama emphasized the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement">conservation</a> of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_lands">federal lands</a> during his term in office. He used his
	power under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_Act">Antiquities Act</a> to create 25 new <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)">national monuments</a> during his
	presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000&nbsp;ha) of federal lands
	and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Monuments-299">[299]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-302">[302]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Health care reform</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States"><i>Health care
			reform in the United States</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/220px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg"
		alt="Photograph"
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/330px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/440px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010.</p>

<p>Obama called for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress">Congress</a> to pass legislation
	reforming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States">health care in the United
		States</a>, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-health_reform-303">[303]</a> He proposed an expansion
	of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their
	coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900&nbsp;billion over 10 years and include a
	government insurance plan, also known as the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_insurance_option">public option</a>, to compete with the
	corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also
	make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existing_condition">pre-existing conditions</a>, and require every
	American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies
	that offer expensive plans.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-304">[304]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-305">[305]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/300px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/450px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/600px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="300"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_poverty_level">federal poverty level</a>, under <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
		Affordable Care Act</a>, starting in 2014 (Source: <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service">CRS</a>)<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-306">[306]</a></p>

<p>On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system,
	which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-health_reform-303">[303]</a> After much public debate
	during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009">a speech
		to a joint session of Congress</a> on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-307">[307]</a> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on
	using federal funds for stem cell research.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-308">[308]</a></p>

<p>On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nyt1-309">[309]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nyt-310">[310]</a> On December 24, 2009, the Senate
	passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-311">[311]</a> On March 21, 2010, the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
		Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to
	212.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Obama signed the bill into law on
	March 23, 2010.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-313">[313]</a></p>

<p>The ACA includes <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisions_of_the_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">health-related
		provisions</a>, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid">Medicaid</a> eligibility for people making up to 133%&nbsp;of the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_poverty_level">federal poverty level</a> (FPL) starting in 2014,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cnn_ref1-314">[314]</a> subsidizing insurance
	premiums for people making up to 400%&nbsp;of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum
	"out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of income,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whitehouse-315">[315]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-316">[316]</a> providing incentives for businesses to
	provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions,
	establishing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_exchange">health insurance exchanges</a>,
	prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the
	maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the
	federal poverty level.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whitehouse-315">[315]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cbo_est-317">[317]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/220px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/330px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/440px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA_(journal)">JAMA</a>)<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-318">[318]</a></p>

<p>The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for
	those in high-income <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_bracket">brackets</a>, taxes on <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_tanning">indoor tanning</a>, cuts to the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Advantage">Medicare Advantage</a> program in favor of traditional
	Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-319">[319]</a> there is also a tax penalty for those
	who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-320">[320]</a> In March 2010, the CBO estimated that
	the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143&nbsp;billion over the first decade.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-321">[321]</a></p>

<p>The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring
	Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius"><i>National
			Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</i></a> that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S.
	Congress's taxing authority.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-uphold-322">[322]</a>
	In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc."><i>Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</i></a> the
	Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a>
	from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain
	contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_v._Burwell"><i>King
			v. Burwell</i></a> that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized
	for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by
	the State," as the statute reads.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-323">[323]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Energy policy</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Obama_administration"><i>Energy
			policy of the Obama administration</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly-based "All of the above" approach to domestic <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy">energy policy</a>, which Obama has maintained since his first
	term and which he last confirmed at his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union">State of the
		Union</a> speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that
	his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned to the manufacturing industry
	and its impact on the domestic economy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-324">[324]</a>
	Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy,
	such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the
	domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as
	a third of the nation's available energy resources.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-325">[325]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-326">[326]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Gun control</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration#Gun_policy"><i>Social
			policy of the Barack Obama administration §&nbsp;Gun policy</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama visits an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Aurora_shooting">Aurora shooting</a> victim at <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Hospital">University of Colorado Hospital</a>, 2012.
</p>

<p>On January 16, 2013, one month after the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School
		shooting</a>, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States">gun control</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-327">[327]</a> He urged Congress to reintroduce an <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban">expired ban</a> on military-style <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_weapons">assault weapons</a>, such as those used in several recent
	mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales,
	pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers,
	especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol,
		Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> for the first time since 2006.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-328">[328]</a> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced
	new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-329">[329]</a> In a 2016 editorial in the <i>New York
		Times</i>, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and other <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movements">civil rights movements</a> in American history.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-330">[330]</a></p>
<h4><strong>2010 midterm elections</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main articles: </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"><i>2010 United States
			House of Representatives elections</i></a><i> and </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_elections"><i>2010 United States Senate
			elections</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama called the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections">November 2, 2010
		election</a>, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-331">[331]</a> "humbling" and a "shellacking."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-332">[332]</a> He said that the results came because
	not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-333">[333]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Cybersecurity and Internet policy</strong></h4>

<p>On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>
	reclassify <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access">broadband Internet service</a> as a
	telecommunications service in order to preserve <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality">net
		neutrality</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-20141110-EW-334">[334]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-20141114-335">[335]</a> On February 12, 2013,
	President Obama signed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)">Executive Order</a>
	<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13636">13636</a>, "Improving Critical Infrastructure
	Cybersecurity."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-336">[336]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Government mass surveillance</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance"><i>Barack Obama on
			mass surveillance</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>In 2005 and 2006, Obama criticized certain aspects of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act">Patriot
		Act</a> for infringing too much on civil liberties and sought as Senator to strengthen civil liberties
	protections.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-338">[338]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-:0-339">[339]</a> In 2006, he voted to reauthorize a
	revised version of the Patriot Act, saying the law was not ideal but that the revised version had strengthened civil
	liberties.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-:0-339">[339]</a> In 2011, he signed a
	four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-340">[340]</a>
	Following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)">2013
		global surveillance disclosures</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower">whistleblower</a>
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, Obama condemned the leak as
	unpatriotic,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-338">[338]</a> but called for
	increased restrictions on the NSA to address violations of privacy.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-341">[341]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-342">[342]</a> The changes which Obama ordered have
	been described as "modest" however.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-343">[343]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Foreign policy</strong></h3>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Foreign policy of the
			Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/220px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/330px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/440px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>June 4, 2009 − after his speech <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning"><i>A New Beginning</i></a> at
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University">Cairo University</a>, U.S. President Obama participates in
	a roundtable interview in 2009 with among others <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi">Jamal
		Khashoggi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambang_Harymurti">Bambang Harymurti</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_Barnea">Nahum Barnea</a>.</p>

<p>In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</a> Hillary Clinton
	made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the
	terms "break" and "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_reset">reset</a>" to signal major changes from the
	policies of the preceding administration.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-preceding_administration-344">[344]</a> Obama
	attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-345">[345]</a></p>

<p>On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and
	government of Iran.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-346">[346]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-347">[347]</a> In April, Obama gave a speech in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab
	governments.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-348">[348]</a> On June 4, 2009, Obama
	delivered a speech at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University">Cairo University</a> in Egypt calling
	for "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning">A New Beginning</a>" in relations between the Islamic
	world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-middleeast-349">[349]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/220px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/330px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/440px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">International
		trips</a> made by President Barack Obama during his terms in office</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/220px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/330px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/440px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama with German Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> in 2011</p>

<p>On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election">Iran's 2009 presidential election</a> by
	saying: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-350">[350]</a> While in Moscow on July 7, he
	responded to Vice President Biden's comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said
	directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does
	not create major conflict in the Middle East."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-351">[351]</a></p>

<p>On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. President to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council">preside</a> over a meeting
	of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council">United Nations Security
		Council</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-352">[352]</a></p>

<p>In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> to continue building Jewish
	housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem">East
		Jerusalem</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-354">[354]</a> During the same month, an agreement
	was reached with the administration of Russian President <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> to replace the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/START_I">1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> with a new pact reducing
	the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-355">[355]</a> Obama and Medvedev signed the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START">New START</a> treaty in April 2010, and the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">U.S. Senate</a> ratified it in December 2010.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-356">[356]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama meets with Italian Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a> at the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a>, October 2016.</p>

<p>In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory">LGBT rights</a> when issuing financial
	aid to foreign countries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-357">[357]</a> In August
	2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-LAT80713-358">[358]</a> but he stopped short of
	advocating a boycott of the upcoming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics">2014 Winter
		Olympics</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Huffpo80913-359">[359]</a></p>

<p>In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw">normalize relationships</a> between <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations">Cuba and the United States</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-360">[360]</a> The countries' respective "interests
	sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015.</p>

<p>In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to
	the Saudis in their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen">military
		intervention in Yemen</a>, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-361">[361]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-362">[362]</a> In 2016, the Obama administration
	proposed a series of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations">arms deals
		with Saudi Arabia</a> worth $115 billion.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-363">[363]</a> Obama halted the sale of guided
	munition technology to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> after Saudi warplanes
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_airstrike">targeted a funeral</a> in Yemen's capital
	Sanaa, killing more than 140 people.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-364">[364]</a></p>

<p>Before leaving office, Obama said German Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela
		Merkel</a> had been his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as president.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-thelocal2016-365">[365]</a></p>
<h4><strong>War in Iraq</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"><i>Iraq War</i></a><i> and </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)"><i>American-led
			intervention in Iraq (2014–present)</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were
	made to a group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps">Marines</a> preparing for
	deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission
	in Iraq will end."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-366">[366]</a> The Obama
	administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels
	from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010,
	the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> and the training, equipping, and
	advising of Iraqi security forces.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-367">[367]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-368">[368]</a> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced
	that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-369">[369]</a> On October 21, 2011 President Obama
	announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-370">[370]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/220px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg"
		alt="US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010."
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/330px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/440px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Meeting with UK Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron">David Cameron</a> during the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit">2010 G20 Toronto summit</a></p>

<p>In June 2014, following the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)#Fall_of_Mosul_and_push_into_Kirkuk">capture
		of Mosul</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant">ISIS</a>, Obama
	sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued
	to gain ground and to commit <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuse_and_war_crime_findings">widespread
		massacres and ethnic cleansing</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-371">[371]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-372">[372]</a></p>

<p>In August 2014, during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_massacre">Sinjar massacre</a>, Obama ordered
	a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)#United_States_airstrikes">campaign
		of U.S. airstrikes against ISIS</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-def31-10-14-373">[373]</a></p>

<p>By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-374">[374]</a> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the
	battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-375">[375]</a></p>

<p>In early 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division">82nd Airborne Division</a> the number of U.S. ground
	troops in Iraq surged to 4,400,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-376">[376]</a> and by
	July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-377">[377]</a></p>
<h4><strong>War in Afghanistan</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"><i>War in
			Afghanistan (2001–present)</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated1-378">[378]</a> He announced an
	increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation
	in Afghanistan," an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently
	requires."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-379">[379]</a> He replaced the military
	commander in Afghanistan, General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._McKiernan">David D. McKiernan</a>,
	with former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)">Special Forces</a> commander
	Lt. Gen. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal">Stanley A. McChrystal</a> in May 2009,
	indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the
	war.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-counterinsurgency_tactics-380">[380]</a> On
	December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and
	proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-381">[381]</a> this took place in July 2011. <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after
	McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-382">[382]</a> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S.
	military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-383">[383]</a></p>

<p>In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the
	deteriorating security situation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-384">[384]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Israel</strong></h4>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg"
		alt="President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden."
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama meeting with Israeli President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres">Shimon Peres</a> in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a>, May 2009</p>

<p>In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, with the United States being
	the only nation to do so.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-385">[385]</a> Obama supports
	the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solution">two-state solution</a> to the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> based on the 1967
	borders with land swaps.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-386">[386]</a></p>

<p>In June 2011, Obama said the bond between the United States and Israel is "unbreakable."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-387">[387]</a> During the initial years of the Obama
	administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid,
	re-establishment of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Political_Military_Group">U.S.-Israeli Joint
		Political Military Group</a> and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level
	military officials of both countries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-388">[388]</a>
	The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Dome">Iron Dome</a> program in response to the waves of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on
		Israel</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-389">[389]</a></p>

<p>In 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a> reported that, in Obama's
	view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total
	isolation."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloomberg-390">[390]</a> In 2014, Obama
	likened the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism">Zionist movement</a> to the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> in the United States. He
	said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples. He explained, "To me,
	being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was
	politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-391">[391]</a> Obama expressed support for Israel's
	right to defend itself during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict">2014
		Israel–Gaza conflict</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-392">[392]</a> In 2015,
	Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Iran Nuclear Deal</a>; Israeli Prime
	Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, who had advocated the
	U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-393">[393]</a></p>

<p>On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2334">United Nations Security
		Council Resolution 2334</a>, which condemned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement">Israeli
		settlement building</a> in the occupied <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories">Palestinian territories</a> as a violation of
	international law, effectively allowing it to pass.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-394">[394]</a> Netanyahu strongly criticized the
	Obama Administration's actions,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-395">[395]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-396">[396]</a> and the Israeli government withdrew
	its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million, on January 6, 2017.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-397">[397]</a> On January 5, 2017, the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of
		Representatives</a> voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-398">[398]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-399">[399]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Libya</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya"><i>2011 military
			intervention in Libya</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>President Obama meets with Russian President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin">Vladimir
		Putin</a> to discuss Syria and ISIS, September 29, 2015.</p>

<p>In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> as part of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring">Arab Spring</a>. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces
	loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including
	Europe, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League">Arab League</a>, and a resolution<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-400">[400]</a> passed unanimously by the U.S.
	Senate.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-401">[401]</a> In response to the unanimous
	passage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973">United Nations
		Security Council Resolution 1973</a> on March 17, Gaddafi—who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the
	rebels of Benghazi<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-402">[402]</a>—announced an
	immediate cessation of military activities,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-403">[403]</a> yet reports came in that his forces
	continued shelling <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrata">Misrata</a>. The next day, on Obama's orders, the
	U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect
	civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-404">[404]</a>
	including the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile)">Tomahawk missiles</a>, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit">B-2 Spirits</a>, and fighter jets.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-405">[405]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-406">[406]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-407">[407]</a> Six days later, on March 25, by
	unanimous vote of all its 28 members, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO">NATO</a> took over leadership of
	the effort, dubbed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector">Operation Unified
		Protector</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NATOPressRelease-408">[408]</a> Some
	Representatives<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-LibyaOffensive-409">[409]</a>
	questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its
	cost, structure and aftermath.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-410">[410]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-411">[411]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Syrian Civil War</strong></h4>

<p><i>See also: </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#United_States"><i>Foreign
			involvement in the Syrian Civil War §&nbsp;United States</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</a>, Obama issued a written statement
	that said: "The time has come for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad">President Assad</a> to
	step aside."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-mustgo-412">[412]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whstatem-413">[413]</a> This stance was reaffirmed in
	November 2015.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-414">[414]</a> In 2012, Obama authorized
	multiple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Sycamore">programs run by the CIA</a> and the Pentagon to
	train anti-Assad rebels.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-415">[415]</a> The
	Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-416">[416]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-417">[417]</a></p>

<p>In the wake of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack">chemical weapons attack</a> in Syria,
	<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Assessment_of_the_Syrian_Government%27s_Use_of_Chemical_Weapons_on_August_21,_2013">formally
		blamed</a> by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had
	pledged<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-redline-418">[418]</a> and, rather than
	authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons">giving up chemical weapons</a>;
	however attacks with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_gas">chlorine gas</a> continued.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-419">[419]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-420">[420]</a> In 2014, Obama authorized an <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL">air campaign aimed primarily at
		ISIL</a>, but repeatedly promised the U.S. would not deploy ground troops in Syria.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-421">[421]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-422">[422]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Death of Osama bin Laden</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden"><i>Death of Osama bin
			Laden</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv/220px--President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv.jpg"
		alt="File:President Obama on Death of Osama bin Laden.ogv"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>President Obama's address (9:28)<br><i>Also available:</i> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:050111_Osama_Bin_Laden_Death_Statement_audioonly.ogg">Audio only</a>;
	<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_by_the_President_on_Osama_bin_Laden">Full text</a>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png"
		alt="Wikisource has information on &quot;Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden&quot;"
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="11"></figure>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg"
		alt="President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex."
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/330px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/440px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neptune%27s_Spear">Operation Neptune's Spear</a> in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room">White House Situation Room</a>, May 1, 2011. See
	also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)"><i>Situation Room</i></a></p>

<p>Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed
	intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. He was living in seclusion in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad">a large compound</a> in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56&nbsp;km)
	from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad">Islamabad</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> CIA head <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> reported this intelligence to President Obama
	in March 2011.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> Meeting with
	his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound,
	and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs">United States Navy SEALs</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> The operation took place on
	May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks
	from the compound.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-binLaden-424">[424]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ND-binLaden-425">[425]</a> DNA testing was one of
	five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ABC-binLaden-426">[426]</a> which was buried at sea
	several hours later.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-ObamaAnnounce-427">[427]</a>
	Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were
	spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site">Ground Zero</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square">Times Square</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-binLaden-424">[424]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Guard-ObamaAnnounce-428">[428]</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Reaction to the announcement</a>
	was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloom-binLaden-429">[429]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Iran nuclear talks</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"><i>Joint
			Comprehensive Plan of Action</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013.</p>

<p>In November 2013, the Obama administration opened <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">negotiations</a>
	with Iran to prevent it from acquiring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon">nuclear weapons</a>,
	which included an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action">interim agreement</a>. Negotiations
	took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced July 14, 2015. The deal, titled the "<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>,"
	saw the removal of sanctions in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While
	Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from
	Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli prime minister <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-430">[430]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-431">[431]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-432">[432]</a> In addition, the transfer of $1.7
	billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the republican party. The Obama
	administration said that the payment in cash was because of the "effectiveness of U.S. and international
	sanctions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-433">[433]</a> In order to advance the
	deal, the Obama administration shielded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> from the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a>'s <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a> investigation regarding drug
	smuggling and from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence
		Agency</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-434">[434]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-435">[435]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Relations with Cuba</strong></h4>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw"><i>United States–Cuban
			Thaw</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/220px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/330px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/440px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>President Obama meeting with Cuban President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro">Raúl Castro</a>
	in Panama, April 2015</p>

<p>Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations
	of Canada and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City">Vatican City</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-436">[436]</a> The Vatican first became involved in
	2013 when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a> advised the U.S. and Cuba to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_exchange">exchange prisoners</a> as a gesture of goodwill.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-437">[437]</a> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro">Raúl Castro</a>, in a significant public moment, greeted
	and shook hands with Obama at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela
		memorial service</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-438">[438]</a></p>

<p>In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a> as an intermediary, had negotiated a
	restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-439">[439]</a> Popularly dubbed the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Thaw">Cuban Thaw</a>, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"><i>The New Republic</i></a> deemed the Cuban Thaw to be
	"Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-440">[440]</a> On July 1, 2015, President Barack
	Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies
	would be opened in Washington and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana">Havana</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-441">[441]</a> The countries' respective "interests
	sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-442">[442]</a></p>

<p>Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. President to arrive since <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1928.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-443">[443]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Africa</strong></h4>

<p>Obama spoke in front of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union">African Union</a> in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting
	U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade
	with the continent, and lauded the progress made in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Africa">education</a>, infrastructure, and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Africa">economy</a>. He also criticized the lack of democracy and
	leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities (<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT">LGBT</a> people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He
	suggested an intensified <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization">democratization</a> and free trade,
	to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-444">[444]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-445">[445]</a> During his July 2015 trip, Obama also
	was the first U.S. president ever to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa">visit</a> Kenya,
	which is the homeland of his father.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-446">[446]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Hiroshima speech</strong></h4>

<p>On May 27, 2016, Obama became the first sitting American president to visit <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, Japan, 71 years after the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki">U.S. atomic bombing of
		Hiroshima</a> that ended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a>. Accompanied by
	Japanese Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe">Shinzō Abe</a>, Obama paid tribute
	to the victims of the bombing at the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum">Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-447">[447]</a></p>
<h4><strong>Russia</strong></h4>

<p><i>See also: </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Obama's_tenure_(2009%E2%80%9317)"><i>Russia–United
			States relations §&nbsp;Obama's tenure (2009–17)</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama meets Russian President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in September
	2015.</p>

<p>After <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation">Russia's invasion of
		Crimea</a> in 2014, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria">military
		intervention</a> in Syria in 2015, and the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_election_interference_by_Russia">interference</a> in the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election">2016 U.S. presidential
		election</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ftelect-448">[448]</a> Obama's Russia
	policy was widely seen as a failure.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-friedmnyt-449">[449]</a> <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen">George Robertson</a>, a
	former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world
	stage and test the resolve of the West," adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-obexit-450">[450]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Cultural and political image</strong></h3>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Public image of Barack
			Obama</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><i>See also: </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election"><i>International
			reactions to the 2008 United States presidential election</i></a><i> and </i><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election"><i>International
			reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama's family history, upbringing, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League">Ivy League</a> education
	differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through
	participation in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement">civil rights movement</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-451">[451]</a> Expressing puzzlement over questions
	about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists">National Association of Black
		Journalists</a> that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be
	something wrong."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-452">[452]</a> Obama acknowledged his
	youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not
	been passed to a new generation."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-453">[453]</a></p>

<p>Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-exceptional_orator-454">[454]</a> During his
	pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet
	video addresses.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-455">[455]</a> In his speeches as
	president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-456">[456]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-457">[457]</a> but according to one study, he
	implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-458">[458]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/220px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/330px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/440px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Presidential approval ratings</p>

<p>According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_Organization">Gallup Organization</a>, Obama began his
	presidency with a 68% approval rating<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-459">[459]</a>
	before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010,<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-460">[460]</a> a trend similar to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s first years in office.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-461">[461]</a> He experienced a small poll bounce
	shortly after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">death of Osama bin Laden</a> on
	May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were
	previously.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-462">[462]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-463">[463]</a> His approval ratings rebounded around
	the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52% shortly after his second
	inauguration.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-464">[464]</a> Despite approval ratings
	dropping to 39% in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50% in January 2015 according to Gallup.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-465">[465]</a></p>

<p>Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-466">[466]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-467">[467]</a> In a February 2009 poll conducted in
	Western Europe and the U.S. by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics">Harris
		Interactive</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24">France 24</a> and the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune"><i>International Herald Tribune</i></a>, Obama
	was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-468">[468]</a> In a similar poll conducted by Harris
	in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their
	hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-469">[469]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-470">[470]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/220px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg"
		alt="Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich Champions League final, in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout."
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/330px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/440px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>G8 leaders watching the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final">2012 UEFA Champions
		League Final</a></p>

<p>Obama won <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album">Best Spoken Word Album</a>
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award">Grammy Awards</a> for abridged <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook">audiobook</a> versions of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a> in February 2006 and
	for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a> in February 2008.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-471">[471]</a> His <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008#New_Hampshire">concession
		speech</a> after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)">Yes We Can</a>," which was viewed
	10&nbsp;million times on YouTube in its first month<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-472">[472]</a> and received a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award">Daytime Emmy Award</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-473">[473]</a> In December 2008 and in 2012, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> magazine named Obama as its <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year">Person of the Year</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-474">[474]</a> The 2008 awarding was for his historic
	candidacy and election, which <i>Time</i> described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-475">[475]</a> On May 25, 2011, Obama became the
	first President of the United States to address both houses of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom">UK Parliament</a> in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, London. This was only the fifth
	occurrence since the start of the 20th century of a head of state's being extended this invitation, following <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in 1960, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in 1996, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in 2002 and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2010.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-476">[476]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-477">[477]</a></p>

<p>On October 9, 2009, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee">Norwegian Nobel
		Committee</a> announced that Obama had won the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> "for his extraordinary
	efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nobel_peace_prize-478">[478]</a> Obama accepted this
	award in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude
	and great humility."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript-479">[479]</a> The
	award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-480">[480]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-481">[481]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-482">[482]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-483">[483]</a> Obama's peace prize was called a
	"stunning surprise" by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-484">[484]</a> Obama is the fourth U.S. president to
	be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-485">[485]</a> Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed
	skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a>, said Obama's Peace Prize did not have
	the desired effect.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-486">[486]</a></p>
<h2>Post-presidency (2017–present)</h2>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/220px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/330px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/440px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> at the latter's <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump">inauguration</a> on January 20, 2017</p>

<p>Obama's presidency ended at noon on January 20, 2017, immediately following the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump">inauguration</a> of his Republican successor,
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a>. After the inauguration, Obama lifted off on
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_One">Executive One</a>, circled the White House, and flew to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Base_Andrews">Joint Base Andrews</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-487">[487]</a> The family currently rents a house in
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorama,_Washington,_D.C.">Kalorama, Washington, D.C.</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-488">[488]</a></p>

<p>On March 2, 2017, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum">John F.
		Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> awarded the annual <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award">Profile in Courage Award</a> to Obama "for his
	enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-489">[489]</a> In his first public appearance out of
	office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago">University
		of Chicago</a> on April 24. The seminar was aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal
	for their participation in politics.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-490">[490]</a> On
	May 4, three days ahead of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election">French
		presidential election</a>, Obama publicly endorsed <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>: "He appeals to people's hopes and not
	their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for
	the future of France."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-491">[491]</a> Macron went on to
	win the election.</p>

<p>While in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin">Berlin</a> on May 25, Obama made a joint public appearance
	with Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> where he stressed inclusion
	and for leaders to question themselves, Obama having been formally invited to Berlin while still in office as part
	of an effort to boost Merkel's re-election campaign.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-492">[492]</a> Obama traveled to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Palace">Kensington Palace</a> in England and met with <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry">Prince Harry</a> on May 27, 2017; Obama tweeted afterward that
	the two discussed their foundations and offering condolences in the wake of the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Manchester_Arena_bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a> that occurred
	five days prior.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-493">[493]</a></p>

<p>After President Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on June 1, Obama released a statement
	disagreeing with the choice: "But even in the absence of American leadership; even as this administration joins a
	small handful of nations that reject the future; I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up
	and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got."<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-494">[494]</a></p>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/220px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/330px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/440px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Obama playing golf with the President of Argentina <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Macri">Mauricio
		Macri</a>, October 2017</p>

<p>After Senate Republicans revealed the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Care_Reconciliation_Act_of_2017">Better Care Reconciliation Act of
		2017</a>, their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, on June 22, Obama
	released a Facebook post calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the
	richest people in America."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-495">[495]</a> On September
	19, while delivering the keynote address at Goalkeepers, Obama admitted his frustration with Republicans backing "a
	bill that will raise costs, reduce coverage, and roll back protections for older Americans and people with
	pre-existing conditions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-496">[496]</a></p>

<p>After Attorney General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> announced the
	termination of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals">Deferred Action
		for Childhood Arrivals</a> (DACA) program on September 5, Obama released a Facebook post criticizing the
	decision.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-497">[497]</a> Two days later, he partnered
	with former presidents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> to work with <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_Appeal">One America Appeal</a> to help the victims of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> in the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States">Gulf Coast</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas">Texas</a> communities.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-498">[498]</a></p>

<p>Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Foundation">Obama
		Foundation</a> in Chicago on October 31. Obama intends for the foundation to be the central focus of his
	post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more
	consequential than his time in office.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-499">[499]</a>
	Obama has also been working on a Presidential memoir, in a reported $65 million deal with <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House">Penguin Random House</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nymag-500">[500]</a></p>

<p>Obama went on an international trip from November 28 to December 2, 2017, and visited China, India and France. In
	China, he delivered remarks at the Global Alliance of SMEs Summit in Shanghai and met with Chinese President <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> in Beijing.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-501">[501]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-502">[502]</a> He then went to India, where he spoke
	at the Hindustan Times Leadership Summit before meeting with Indian Prime Minister <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi">Narendra Modi</a> over lunch. In addition, he held a town
	hall for young leaders, organized by the Obama Foundation.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-503">[503]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-504">[504]</a> He also met with the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama">Dalai Lama</a> while in New Delhi.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-505">[505]</a> He ended his five-day trip in France
	where he met with French President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>,
	former President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Hollande">Francois Hollande</a> and Paris Mayor <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a> and then spoke at an invitation-only event,
	touching on climate issues.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-506">[506]</a></p>

<p>Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018 to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix">Netflix</a> under the Obamas’ newly formed production company,
	Higher Ground Productions. On the deal, Michelle said "I have always believed in the power of storytelling to
	inspire us, to make us think differently about the world around us, and to help us open our minds and hearts to
	others."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-507">[507]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-508">[508]</a> Higher Ground's first film, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Factory"><i>American Factory</i></a><i>,</i> was nominated for a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature">Best Documentary Oscar</a> in
	2020.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-509">[509]</a></p>

<p>A package that contained a <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts">pipe bomb</a> was sent to
	Obama's home in Washington, D.C, on October 24, 2018. The package was intercepted by the Secret Service during
	routine mail screenings. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders, mostly those who voiced
	strong objections to the policies of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> and to <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN">CNN</a>. <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a> was addressed as the
	sender of the package. On October 26, 2018, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Sayoc">Cesar Sayoc</a> was
	arrested and faces five federal charges in Manhattan carrying a combined maximum sentence of 48 years behind bars in
	relation to the pipe bombs.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-510">[510]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-511">[511]</a></p>

<p>In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home on <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> from <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyc_Grousbeck">Wyc Grousbeck</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-512">[512]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-513">[513]</a></p>
<h2>Legacy</h2>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/370px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/555px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/740px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="370"></figure>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to predecessors, as measured as cumulative percentage change from
	month after inauguration to end of his term</p>

<p>Obama's most significant legacy is generally considered to be the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
		Affordable Care Act</a> (PPACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate
	Republicans to repeal the PPACA, including a "skinny repeal," have thus far failed.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-legacy-514">[514]</a> Together with the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act">Health Care and Education
		Reconciliation Act</a> amendment, it represents the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States">U.S. healthcare system</a>'s most
	significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)">Medicare</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid">Medicaid</a> in 1965.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Oberlander2010-515">[515]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Blumenthal2015-516">[516]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CohenEtAl-517">[517]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYTsigning-518">[518]</a></p>

<p>Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(economics)">depression</a> and pulling the economy back from the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">Great Recession</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-legacy-514">[514]</a> According to the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>, the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration">Obama administration</a> created 11.3&nbsp;million
	jobs from the month after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">his first
		inauguration</a> to the end of his term.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-519">[519]</a> In 2010, Obama signed into effect the
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act">Dodd–Frank
		Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>. Passed as a response to the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308">financial crisis of 2007–08</a>, it
	brought the most significant changes to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation">financial
		regulation</a> in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression">Great Depression</a> under Democratic President <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-520">[520]</a></p>

<p>In 2009, Obama signed into law the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2010">National Defense
		Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010</a>, which contained in it the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act">Matthew
		Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law
	in the United States since Democratic President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill
		Clinton</a> signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate
	Crimes Prevention Act expanded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States">existing
		federal hate crime laws in the United States</a> to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived
	gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging
	in a federally protected activity.</p>

<p>As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-521">[521]</a>
	In 2010, he signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't
		Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act</a>, which brought an end to "<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell">don't ask, don't tell</a>" policy in the U.S.
	armed forces that banned open service from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian,_gay_and_bisexual">LGB</a>
	people; the law went into effect the following year.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-522">[522]</a> In 2016, his administration brought an
	end to the ban on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender">transgender</a> people serving openly in the
	U.S. armed forces.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-523">[523]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-TransBan1-234">[234]</a> A <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_poll">Gallup poll</a>, taken in the final days of Obama's term,
	showed that 68% of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress in the situation for gays and lesbians during
	Obama's eight years in office.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-524">[524]</a></p>

<p>Obama substantially escalated the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes">drone strikes</a>
	against suspected militants and terrorists associated with <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban">Taliban</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-525">[525]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-526">[526]</a> In 2016, the last year of his
	presidency, the US dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-527">[527]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-528">[528]</a> Obama left about 8,400 US troops in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan,
	106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-529">[529]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-530">[530]</a></p>

<p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center">Pew Research Center</a> and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics">United States Bureau of Justice
		Statistics</a>, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in US federal custody declined
	by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in US federal custody since Democratic President
	<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. By contrast, the federal prison population
	increased significantly under presidents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-531">[531]</a></p>

<p>Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-532">[532]</a><a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-533">[533]</a> A 2018 survey of historians by the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association">American Political Science
		Association</a> ranked Obama the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States">8th-greatest
		American President</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?-4">[4]</a>
	Obama gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution">Brookings Institution</a> that ranked Obama the
	18th-greatest American President.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-534">[534]</a></p>
<h3><strong>Presidential library</strong></h3>

<p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center"><i>Barack Obama
			Presidential Center</i></a></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's planned <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_library">presidential library</a>. It will be hosted by the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and located in <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)">Jackson Park</a> on the <a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago">South Side of Chicago</a>.<a
		href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-535">[535]</a></p>
<h2>Bibliography</h2>
<ul>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a>, 1995</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a>, 2006</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)"><i>Of Thee I Sing</i></a>, 2010</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Audiobooks</strong></h3>
<ul>
	<li>2006: <i>The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i> (read by the author), <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_Audio">Random House Audio</a>, <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739366417">978-0739366417</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>See also</h2>
<h3><strong>Politics</strong></h3>
<ul>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_Barack_Obama">Social policy of Barack Obama</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREAM_Act">DREAM Act</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986">Immigration Reform and
			Control Act of 1986</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">List of
			international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012">Middle Class Tax
			Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud_Enforcement_and_Recovery_Act_of_2009">Fraud Enforcement and
			Recovery Act of 2009</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)">National Broadband Plan (United
			States)</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy">Office of Energy
			Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEECH_Act">SPEECH Act</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_with_It">Stay with It</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy">White House
			Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Other</strong></h3>
<ul>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama">Speeches of Barack Obama</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Court">Roberts Court</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Lists</strong></h3>
<ul>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_threats_against_Barack_Obama">Assassination threats against
			Barack Obama</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Barack_Obama">List of people pardoned by
			Barack Obama</a></li>
	<li><a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States#2009%E2%80%932017_Barack_Obama_Administration">Federal
			political scandals, 2009–17</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2008">List of
			Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2012">List of
			Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2012</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Senators">List of African-American
			United States Senators</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama">List of things named after
			Barack Obama</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Notes and references</h2>
<h3><strong>Notes</strong></h3>
<ol>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-1"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clMEg4-N7ao">"Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office"</a> on <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a>. January 20, 2009.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-2"><strong>^</strong></a> Wan, William; Scott
		Clement (November 18, 2016). <a
			href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/obama-legacy/global-approval-rating.html">"Most of
			the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did"</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"><i>The Washington Post</i></a>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-3"><strong>^</strong></a> Jones, Jeffrey M.
		(February 15, 2018). <a
			href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/226994/obama-first-retrospective-job-approval-rating.aspx">"Obama's First
			Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%"</a>. <i>Gallup.com</i>. Retrieved April 5, 2018.</li>
	<li>^ <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?_4-0">Jump
			up to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?_4-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
		Rottinghaus, Brandon; Justin S. Vaughn (February 19, 2018). <a
			href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html">"How
			Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?"</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a>. Retrieved February
		19,2018.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-5"><strong>^</strong></a> Shamsian, Jacob (December
		27, 2018). <a
			href="https://www.businessinsider.com/barack-and-michelle-obama-most-admired-men-women-gallup-2018-12">"Barack
			and Michelle Obama top Gallup's list of most-admired men and women in the world, trouncing the Trumps"</a>.
		<i>Business Insider</i>. Retrieved January 2, 2019.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-biography_6-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama">"President
			Barack Obama"</a>. The White House. 2008. Archived from <a
			href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama">the original</a> on October 26, 2009.
		Retrieved December 12,2008.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-birth-certificate_7-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">"Certificate
			of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24&nbsp;pm, Honolulu"</a> (PDF). <i>Department of
			Health, State of Hawaii</i>. The White House. April 27, 2011. Archived from <a
			href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">the
			original</a> (PDF) on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-maraniss_8-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Maraniss,
		David (August 24, 2008). <a
			href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html">"Though Obama
			had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.
		p.&nbsp;A22. Retrieved October 28, 2008.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-9"><strong>^</strong></a> Nakaso, Dan (December 22,
		2008). <a href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html">"Twin sisters,
			Obama on parallel paths for years"</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser"><i>The Honolulu Advertiser</i></a>. p.&nbsp;B1.
		Retrieved January 22, 2011.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-BarretoO'Bryant2013_10-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
		Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; Richard L. O'Bryant (November 12, 2013). <a
			href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT18">"Introduction"</a>. <i>American Identity
			in the Age of Obama</i>. Taylor &amp; Francis. pp.&nbsp;18–19. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9">978-1-317-93715-9</a>. Retrieved
		May 8, 2017.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-11"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (1995, 2004), p.
		12.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-12"><strong>^</strong></a> Smolenyak, Megan
		Smolenyak (November–December 2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA46">"The
			quest for Obama's Irish roots"</a>. <i>Ancestry</i>. <strong>26</strong> (6): 46–47, 49. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1075-475X">1075-475X</a>. Retrieved December 20, 2011.<ul>
			<li>Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). <a
					href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html">"Tracing
					Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall"</a>. <a
					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"><i>HuffPost</i></a>. Retrieved May 19, 2011.</li>
			<li>Rising, David; Noelting, Christoph (June 4, 2009). <a
					href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm">"Researchers: Obama has
					German roots"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press. Retrieved May 13, 2010.</li>
			<li>Hutton, Brian; Nickerson, Matthew (May 3, 2007). <a
					href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama%27s%20South%20Side%20Irish)%20AND%20date(all)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama%27s%20South%20Side%20Irish)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"For
					sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village"</a> (paid archive).
				<i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Press Association of Ireland. p.&nbsp;3. Retrieved November 24, 2008.</li>
			<li>Jordon, Mary (May 13, 2007). <a
					href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html">"Tiny
					Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.
				p.&nbsp;A14. Retrieved May 13, 2007.</li>
			<li>David Williamson (July 5, 2008). <a
					href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521140204/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/">"Wales
					link in US presidential candidate's past"</a>. walesonline.co.uk. Archived from <a
					href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/">the
					original</a> on May 21, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-13"><strong>^</strong></a> Kipkemboi, Andrew (June
		1, 2008). <a href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2008-06-01-0806010145-story.html">"Kenyans
			Enthusiastic About Obama"</a>. <i>Baltimore Sun</i>. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
	<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-autogenerated2_14-0">Jump up
			to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-autogenerated2_14-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
		Jacobs, Sally (July 6, 2011). <a
			href="https://www.npr.org/2011/07/11/137553552/president-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life">"President
			Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life'"</a>. NPR. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-15"><strong>^</strong></a> Swaine, Jon (April 29,
		2011). <a
			href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/8481779/Barack-Obamas-father-forced-out-of-US-in-1960s.html">"Barack
			Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s'"</a>. Telegraph. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-16"><strong>^</strong></a> Rachel L. Swarns. <a
			href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/nyregion/letters-by-and-about-barack-obamas-father.html">"Words of
			Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son - The New York Times"</a>. Nytimes.com. Retrieved January
		16, 2020.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-17"><strong>^</strong></a> David R Arnott. <a
			href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/photo/obamas-old-school-his-ancestral-village-world-reacts-us-presidential-flna1C6912948">"From
			Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election"</a>. Nbcnews.com.
		Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Jones_2007_18-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Jones, Tim
		(March 27, 2007). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112933/http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt">"Barack
			Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator"</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"><i>Chicago Tribune</i></a>. p.&nbsp;1 (Tempo). Archived
		from <a href="http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt">the original</a> on February 7, 2017.
	</li>
	<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310_19-0">Jump up
			to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310_19-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
		Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.<ul>
			<li>Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.</li>
			<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.</li>
			<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Ripley_2008_20-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Ripley,
		Amanda (April 9, 2008). <a href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729685,00.html">"The
			story of Barack Obama's mother"</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"><i>Time</i></a>. Retrieved April 9, 2007.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-21"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), p. 86.<ul>
			<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.</li>
			<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-22"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
		<ul>
			<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.</li>
			<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-23"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama "Dreams from My
		Father a Story of Race and Inheritance"</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-24"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
		142–144.<ul>
			<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.</li>
			<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-25"><strong>^</strong></a> Ochieng, Philip
		(November 1, 2004). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html">"From
			home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found"</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_EastAfrican"><i>The EastAfrican</i></a>. Nairobi. Archived from <a
			href="http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html">the original</a> on September
		27, 2007.<ul>
			<li>Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). <a
					href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html">"The
					ghost of a father"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.&nbsp;A12. Retrieved June 25, 2008.</li>
			<li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.</li>
			<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-26"><strong>^</strong></a> Serrano, Richard A.
		(March 11, 2007). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081108080115/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story">"Obama's
			peers didn't see his angst"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A20. Archived from <a
			href="http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story">the
			original</a> on November 8, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2007.<ul>
			<li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-27"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
		97–103.<ul>
			<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-28"><strong>^</strong></a> Maraniss (2012), pp.
		195–201, 209–223, 230–244.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-29"><strong>^</strong></a> Maraniss (2012), pp.
		216, 221, 230, 234–244.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-30"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://www.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler">"Barack Obama: Calvert
			Homeschooler?—Calvert Education Blog"</a>. calverteducation.com. January 25, 2014. Retrieved November 25,
		2015.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-31"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYIK9QtNu3w">"Wawancara Eksklusif RCTI dengan Barack Obama (Part
			2)"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. March 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2018.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-in_Jakarta_32-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Zimmer,
		Benjamin (2009). <a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025">"Obama's Indonesian Redux"</a>. Language
		Log. <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025">Archived</a>
		from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2009.<ul>
			<li><a
					href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010718/http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan">"Obama:
					Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan"</a>. <a
					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas"><i>Kompas</i></a> (in Indonesian). November 26, 2008.
				Archived from <a
					href="http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan">the
					original</a> on December 3, 2008.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-in_Jakarta2_33-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Zimmer,
		Benjamin (January 23, 2009). <a href="https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1052">"Obama's Indonesian
			pleasantries: the video"</a>. <i>Language Log</i>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. Retrieved
		October 7, 2012.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-34"><strong>^</strong></a> Meacham, Jon (August 22,
		2008). <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011">"What Barack Obama Learned
			from His Father"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100237/http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011?rx=us">Archived</a>
		from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-35"><strong>^</strong></a> Serafin, Peter (March
		21, 2004). <a href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html">"Punahou grad stirs up
			Illinois politics"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin"><i>Honolulu
				Star-Bulletin</i></a>. Retrieved March 20, 2008.<ul>
			<li>Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html">"A
					free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. Retrieved
				November 18, 2011.</li>
			<li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.</li>
			<li>Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.</li>
			<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-36"><strong>^</strong></a> Wolffe, Richard (March
		22, 2008). <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255">"When Barry Became Barack"</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"><i>Newsweek</i></a>. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-37"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
		139–157.<ul>
			<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-38"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
		157–194.<ul>
			<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-39"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp. 214,
		294, 317–346.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-40"><strong>^</strong></a> Reyes, B.J. (February 8,
		2007). <a href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html">"Punahou left lasting impression
			on Obama"</a>. <i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i>. Retrieved February 10,2007. As a teenager, Obama went to
		parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were attended
		mostly by blacks.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-41"><strong>^</strong></a> Elliott, Philip
		(November 21, 2007). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">"Obama
			gets blunt with N.H. students"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe"><i>Boston
				Globe</i></a>. Associated Press. p.&nbsp;8A. Archived from <a
			href="http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">the
			original</a> on April 7, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-42"><strong>^</strong></a> Karl, Jonathan (May 25,
		2012). <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/">"Obama and
			his pot-smoking "choom gang""</a>. ABC News. Retrieved May 25, 2012.<ul>
			<li>Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. <a
					href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&amp;pg=PA93"><i>Dreams from My Father: A Story
						of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. pp.&nbsp;93–94. <a
					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307394125">9780307394125</a>. Retrieved
				June 3, 2016.</li>
			<li>Maraniss, David (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&amp;q=choom"><i>Barack Obama:
						The Story</i></a>. pages with "choom gang". <a
					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439167533">9781439167533</a>. Retrieved
				June 3,2016.</li>
			<li>for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked
				marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:</li>
			<li>Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). <a
					href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63">"Obama
					offers more variations from the norm"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A21. Retrieved October
				29, 2006.</li>
			<li>Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). <a
					href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html">"Effect
					of Obama's candor remains to be seen"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. Retrieved January
				14, 2007.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-43"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-choice-2012-again/">"FRONTLINE The Choice 2012"</a>. PBS. October
		9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</li>
	<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Occidental_44-0">Jump up
			to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Occidental_44-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
		Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29">"Occidental
			recalls 'Barry' Obama"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.&nbsp;B1. Archived from <a
			href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29">the original</a>on May 24, 2010. Retrieved May
		12, 2010.<ul>
			<li>Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). <a
					href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story">"Activism
					blossomed in college"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.&nbsp;20. <a
					href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story">Archived</a>
				from the original on October 9, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
			<li>Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). <a
					href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html">"Old friends say drugs played bit
					part in Obama's young life"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
			<li>Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). <a
					href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html">"Obama says real-life experience
					trumps rivals' foreign policy credits"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A18. Retrieved May
				12, 2010.</li>
			<li>Goldman, Adam; Robert Tanner (May 15, 2008). <a
					href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm">"Old friends recall
					Obama's years in LA, NYC"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
			<li>Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). <a
					href="http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full">"Small
					college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive)"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>.
				p.&nbsp;1A. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
			<li>Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). <a
					href="http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip">"More
					'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip"</a>. FactCheck.org. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
			<li>Remnick, David (2010). <a
					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama"><i>The Bridge:
						The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.&nbsp;<a
					href="https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn/page/98">98–112</a>. <a
					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400043606">978-1400043606</a>.</li>
			<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.</li>
			<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-45"><strong>^</strong></a> Boss-Bicak, Shira
		(January 2005). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905121815/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php">"Barack
			Obama '83"</a>. <i>Columbia College Today</i>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0572-7820">0572-7820</a>. Archived from <a
			href="http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php">the original</a> on September 5, 2008.
		Retrieved October 1, 2006.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-46"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/26/remarks-president-town-hall">"Remarks by the
			President in Town Hall"</a>. White House. June 26, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2016.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-47"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="http://nymag.com/arts/all/approvalmatrix/approval-matrix-2012-8-27/">"The Approval Matrix"</a>. <i>New
			York</i>. August 27, 2012.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-48"><strong>^</strong></a> Horsley, Scott (July 9,
		2008). <a href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92337754">"Obama's Early Brush With
			Financial Markets"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved July 17, 2017.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-49"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama, Barack (1998). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html">"Curriculum
			vitae"</a>. The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from <a
			href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html">the original</a> on May 9, 2001. Retrieved October
		1, 2006.<ul>
			<li>Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). <a
					href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091107145054/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance?page=full">"Obama
					shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>.
				p.&nbsp;1A. Archived from <a
					href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/">the
					original</a> on November 7, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2008.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-50"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott, Janny (July 30,
		2007). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html">"Obama's account of New York often
			differs from what others say"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;B1. Retrieved July 31, 2007.<ul>
			<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.</li>
			<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-0">Jump up
			to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
		<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
		<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-3"><i><strong>d</strong></i></a>
		Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). <i>Who's Who in America, 2008</i>. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who.
		p.&nbsp;3468. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0">978-0-8379-7011-0</a>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-52"><strong>^</strong></a> Fink, Jason (November 9,
		2008). <a
			href="http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513">"Obama
			stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job"</a>. <i>Newsday</i>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-53"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10">"Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama
			Puts Family First"</a>. <i>The Oprah Winfrey Show</i>. October 18, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-54"><strong>^</strong></a> Fornek, Scott (September
		9, 2007). <a
			href="https://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng">"Half
			Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a
			href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng">the
			original</a> on January 18, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also: <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html">"Interactive
			Family Tree"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. September 9, 2007. Archived from <a
			href="http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html">the original</a> on July 3, 2008.
		Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-55"><strong>^</strong></a> Fornek, Scott (September
		9, 2007). <a
			href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng">"Madelyn Payne
			Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232433/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.article">Archived</a>
		from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-56"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html">"Obama's grandmother dies after
			battle with cancer"</a>. CNN. November 3, 2008. <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html">Archived</a>
		from the original on November 3, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-57"><strong>^</strong></a> Smolenyak, Megan (May 9,
		2011). <a
			href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html">"Tracing
			Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-58"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (1995, 2004), p.
		13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors
		with George W. Bush, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, and <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, see: Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt
		(March 2, 2007). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story">"A
			New Twist to an Intriguing Family History"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. Archived from <a
			href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story">the
			original</a> on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-59"><strong>^</strong></a> Jordan, Mary (May 13,
		2007). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html">"Tiny
			Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Retrieved June 24,
		2008.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-60"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html">"Obama's
			Family Tree Has a Few Surprises"</a>. CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Archived from <a
			href="http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html">the original</a> on June 2, 2008.
		Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-61"><strong>^</strong></a> Silva, Mark (August 25,
		2008). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134235/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html">"Barack
			Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a
			href="http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html">the
			original</a> on August 29, 2008.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-62"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700">"Barack
			Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit"</a>. MLB Fanhouse. July 14, 2009.
		Retrieved December 6, 2009.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Steelers_63-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Branigin,
		William (January 30, 2009). <a
			href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html">"Steelers Win
			Obama's Approval"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the
		team that's closest to my heart.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-64"><strong>^</strong></a> Mayer, Larry (October 7,
		2011). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094538/http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4">"1985
			Bears honored by President Obama"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears">Chicago
			Bears</a>. Archived from <a
			href="http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4">the
			original</a>on May 7, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2012.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-65"><strong>^</strong></a> Kantor, Jodi (June 1,
		2007). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html">"One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow
			to Elbow"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html">Archived</a>
		from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2008. See also: <a
			href="http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html">"The
			Love of the Game"</a> (video). <i>Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel</i>. HBO. April 15, 2008. Retrieved October
		12, 2011.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-66"><strong>^</strong></a> Stolberg, Sheryl Gay;
		Kirkpatrick, David D.; Shane, Scott (January 22, 2009). <a
			href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html">"On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New
			Tone"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;1. Retrieved September 7, 2012.</li>
	<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_67-0">Jump up
			to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_67-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
		Hosie, Rachel (May 3, 2017). <a
			href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/before-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html">"BEFORE
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					home—away from home"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Retrieved February 5,2010. instead of joining a congregation
				in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship
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		</ul>
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		<i>Time</i>. <a
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		Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church?
		Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And—but I have
		known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find
		jobs&nbsp;... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You
		know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for
		example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.<ul>
			<li><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24371827">"Obama strongly denounces former pastor"</a>. NBC News.
				Associated Press. April 29, 2008. Retrieved November 10,2012. I have been a member of Trinity United
				Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years. The person I saw yesterday was
				not the person [whom] I met 20 years ago.</li>
			<li>Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). <a
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				July 20, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2012. He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early
				1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</li>
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					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400043606">978-1400043606</a>. In late
				October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black
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			<li>Maraniss (2012), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&amp;pg=PT887">p. 557</a>: It
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				baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but
				the process started then, in October 1987&nbsp;... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church
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			<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_(author)">Peter, Baker</a> (2017). <i>Obama: The Call
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					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0935112900">978-0935112900</a>. <a
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					href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1002264033">1002264033</a>.</li>
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		Retrieved January 15, 2017.</li>
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			agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. Vol.&nbsp;236
		no.&nbsp;12. pp.&nbsp;22–26, 28–29. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a>. Retrieved August 21, 2007.<ul>
			<li>Bob Secter; John McCormick (March 30, 2007). <a
					href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story">"Portrait
					of a pragmatist"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.&nbsp;1. Archived from <a
					href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story">the
					original</a> on December 14, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
			<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.</li>
			<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-0">Jump up
			to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
		<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
		Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). <a
			href="http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough">"A Law Review
			breakthrough"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p.&nbsp;29. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<ul>
			<li>Corr, John (February 27, 1990). <a
					href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&amp;p_product=PHNP&amp;p_theme=phnp&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&amp;p_field_advanced-0=Author&amp;p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&amp;p_bool_advanced-1=AND&amp;p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&amp;p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&amp;p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"From
					mean streets to hallowed halls"</a> (paid archive). <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. p.&nbsp;C01.
				Retrieved June 6, 2008.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-103"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama, Barack
		(August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". <i>Illinois Issues</i>.
		Vol.&nbsp;14 no.&nbsp;8–9. pp.&nbsp;40–42. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663">0738-9663</a>. reprinted in:<br>Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990).
		<i>After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois</i>. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University.
		pp.&nbsp;35–40. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9620873-3-2">978-0-9620873-3-2</a>. He has
		also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout
		the Midwest.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_2012_104-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama,
		Auma (2012). <i>And then life happens: a memoir</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.&nbsp;189–208, 212–216. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01005-6">978-1-250-01005-6</a>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-105"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (1995, 2004), pp.
		299–437.<ul>
			<li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-wgbh_106-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">"Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave
			Harvard"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation"><i>WGBH</i></a><i>, </i><a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Archive_of_Public_Broadcasting"><i>American Archive of Public
				Broadcasting</i></a>. Boston and Washington, D.C.: WGBH and the <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a>. April 24, 1990. Retrieved
		September 23, 2016.. Check date values in: |accessdate= (<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date">help</a>)</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-107"><strong>^</strong></a> Joey Del Ponte;
		Somerville Scout Staff. <a href="https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/">"Something in the
			Water"</a>. <i>Somerville Scout</i> (January/February 2014). p.&nbsp;26. Barack Obama lived in the big,
		ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway&nbsp;... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a
		basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School.</li>
	<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_108-0">Jump up
			to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_108-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
		Michael Levenson; Jonathan Saltzman (January 28, 2007). <a
			href="http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/">"At Harvard
			Law, a unifying voice"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p.&nbsp;1A. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<ul>
			<li>Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). <a
					href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html">"In law school, Obama found
					political voice"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</li>
			<li>Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). <a
					href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html">"A
					series of fortunate events"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.&nbsp;W10. Retrieved June 15,2008.
			</li>
			<li>Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_109-0">Jump up
			to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_109-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
		Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). <a
			href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html">"First
			black elected to head Harvard's Law Review"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A20. Retrieved June 15,
		2008.<ul>
			<li>Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). <a
					href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-07-9001110408-story.html">"Activist in
					Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.&nbsp;3. Retrieved October 29,
				2011.</li>
			<li>Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). <a
					href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT">"Barack
					Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service"</a> (paid
				archive). <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.&nbsp;E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</li>
			<li>Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990). <a href="https://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/">"Opening another
					door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama"</a>. <i>Black Issues in Higher Education</i>.
				Vol.&nbsp;7 no.&nbsp;1. p.&nbsp;5. <a
					href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
					href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0742-0277">0742-0277</a>. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
			<li>Pugh, Allison J. (April 18, 1990). <a
					href="https://allisonpugh.weebly.com/uploads/4/4/7/8/44787215/miami_herald__22law_review_president_22.pdf">"Law
					Review's first black president aims to help poor"</a> (PDF). <i>The Miami Herald</i>. Associated
				Press. p.&nbsp;C01. Retrieved January 1, 2020.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-110"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzmmBZ7i4BQ">Video</a> on <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-111"><strong>^</strong></a> Aguilar, Louis (July
		11, 1990). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929145015/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT">"Survey:
			Law firms slow to add minority partners"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.&nbsp;1 (Business). Archived from <a
			href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT">the
			original</a> on September 29, 2008. Retrieved June 15,2008.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Juris_Doctor_112-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/">"Obama
			joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees"</a>. <i>news.harvard.edu</i>. November 6, 2008.
		Retrieved October 23,2017. Adams, Richard (May 9, 2007). <a
			href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081">"Barack Obama"</a>. <i>The
			Guardian</i>. London. <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013083027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081">Archived</a>
		from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.</li>
	<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_113-0">Jump up
			to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_113-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
		<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_113-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
		Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html">"The story
			of Obama, written by Obama"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. Retrieved June 15,2008.<ul>
			<li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Fellow_114-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Merriner,
		James L. (June 2008). <a
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			friends of O"</a>. <i>Chicago</i>. Vol.&nbsp;57 no.&nbsp;6. pp.&nbsp;74–79, 97–99. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4595">0362-4595</a>. Retrieved January 30, 2010.<ul>
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					What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>.
				<strong>239</strong>(1). pp.&nbsp;7–8. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
			<li>Kantor, Jodi (July 30, 2008). <a
					href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html">"Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama
					stood slightly apart"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
			<li>Gray, Steven (September 10, 2008). <a
					href="http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html">"Taking professor Obama's
					class"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
			<li>Starr, Alexandra (September 21, 2008). <a
					href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html">"Case study"</a>. <i>The New York
					Times Magazine</i>. p.&nbsp;76. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
			<li>Hundley, Tom (March 22, 2009). <a
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					tower of power"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune Magazine</i>. p.&nbsp;6. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-115"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608225931/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html">"Statement
			regarding Barack Obama"</a>. University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008. Archived from <a
			href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html">the original</a> on June 8, 2008. Retrieved June 5,
		2008.<ul>
			<li>Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). <a
					href="https://www.factcheck.org/2008/03/obama-a-constitutional-law-professor/">"Was Barack Obama
					really a constitutional law professor?"</a>. <i>FactCheck.org</i>. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
			<li>Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). <a
					href="https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience/">"Obama's
					20 years of experience"</a>. <i>PolitiFact.com</i>. Retrieved June 10, 2008.</li>
		</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Forty_116-0"><strong>^</strong></a> White, Jesse,
		ed. (2000). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf"><i>Illinois
				Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed</i></a> (PDF). Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p.&nbsp;83.
		<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a
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					href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"'Project
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	</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-117"><strong>^</strong></a> United States District
		Court: Northern District of Illinois—CM/ECF LIVE, Ver 3.0 (Chicago) (July 6, 1994). <a
			href="https://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-9000.pdf">"Civil Docket for Case #:
			1:94-cv-04094"</a> (PDF). clearinghouse.net. Retrieved June 3, 2016.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-118"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=10112">"Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank—Civil
			Rights Litigation Clearinghouse"</a>. clearinghouse.net. Retrieved November 25, 2015.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-119"><strong>^</strong></a> United States District
		Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division (January 16, 1988). <a
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	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-120"><strong>^</strong></a> United States District
		Cuurt For the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division (May 13, 1998). <a
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	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-121"><strong>^</strong></a> Gore, D'Angelo (June
		14, 2012). <a href="https://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/">"The Obamas' Law Licenses"</a>.
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	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-DavisMiner_122-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Robinson,
		Mike (February 20, 2007). <a
			href="http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice">"Obama
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			<li>Pallasch, Abdon M. (December 17, 2007). <a
					href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"As
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			<li>Morain, Dan (April 6, 2008). <a
					href="http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/06/nation/na-obamalegal6">"Obama's law days effective but
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			<li><a
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	<li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_177-0">Jump up
			to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_177-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
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	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-BBC20070210_178-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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	<li><a
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			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-nagourney_184-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
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			original</a> on May 12, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.</li>
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			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-newc_279-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> Calmes,
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			Armed With Details, Says Health Plan Is Necessary"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
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	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-305"><strong>^</strong></a> Allen, Mike (September
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	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-306"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-307"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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			href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2715">0278-2715</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20530339">20530339</a>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Blumenthal2015_516-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
		Blumenthal, David; Abrams, Melinda; Nuzum, Rachel (June 18, 2015). <a
			href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2b0dcda73ff2a1903393ac3ac038a6033eba8aea">"The Affordable Care Act
			at 5 Years"</a>. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <strong>372</strong> (25): 2451–2458. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
			href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMhpr1503614">10.1056/NEJMhpr1503614</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25946142">25946142</a>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-CohenEtAl_517-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Cohen, Alan
		B.; Colby, David C.; Wailoo, Keith A.; Zelizer, Julian E. (June 1, 2015). <a
			href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9DGBwAAQBAJ"><i>Medicare and Medicaid at 50: America's Entitlement
				Programs in the Age of Affordable Care</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190231569">978-0190231569</a>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-NYTsigning_518-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Stolberg,
		Sheryl Gay; Pear, Robert (March 23, 2010). <a
			href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html">"Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul into
			Law"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-519"><strong>^</strong></a> Long, Heather (January
		6, 2017). <a href="https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/06/news/economy/obama-over-11-million-jobs/">"Final tally:
			Obama created 11.3 million jobs"</a>. CNN.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-520"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/barack-obama-legacy/12/">"Barack Obama's Legacy: Dodd-Frank Wall
			Street reform"</a>. CBS News. Retrieved March 15, 2017.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-521"><strong>^</strong></a> Crary, David (January
		4, 2017). <a
			href="https://apnews.com/b94c8697ab2148199ca3d1b6137a9c20/lgbt-activists-view-obama-staunch-champion-their-cause">"LGBT
			activists view Obama as staunch champion of their cause"</a>. Associated Press.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-522"><strong>^</strong></a> Bumiller, Elisabeth
		(July 22, 2011). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/us/23military.html">"Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't
			Tell' Policy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-523"><strong>^</strong></a> Merrit Kennedy (June
		30, 2016). <a
			href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484192442/pentagon-says-transgender-troops-can-now-serve-openly">"Pentagon
			Says Transgender Troops Can Now Serve Openly"</a>. NPR.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-524"><strong>^</strong></a> Smith, Michael;
		Newport, Frank (January 9, 2017). <a
			href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/201683/americans-assess-progress-obama.aspx">"Americans Assess Progress
			Under Obama"</a>. <i>The Gallup Organization</i>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-525"><strong>^</strong></a> Zenko, Micah (January
		12, 2016). <a
			href="https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/01/12/reflecting-on-obamas-presidency/obamas-embrace-of-drone-strikes-will-be-a-lasting-legacy">"Obama's
			Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy"</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a>. Retrieved March 2,
		2019.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-526"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/targeted-killings">"Targeted Killings"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign
			Relations</i>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-527"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Grandin">Grandin, Greg</a> (January 15, 2017). <a
			href="https://www.thenation.com/article/why-did-the-us-dropped-26171-bombs-on-the-world-last-year/">"Why Did
			the US Drop 26,171 Bombs on the World Last Year?"</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation"><i>The Nation</i></a>. Retrieved January 11, 2018.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-528"><strong>^</strong></a> Agerholm, Harriet
		(January 19, 2017). <a
			href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-president-barack-obama-bomb-map-drone-wars-strikes-20000-pakistan-middle-east-afghanistan-a7534851.html">"Map
			shows where President Barack Obama dropped his 20,000 bombs"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Retrieved January
		11, 2018.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-529"><strong>^</strong></a> Parsons, Christi;
		Hennigan, W. J. (January 13, 2017). <a
			href="https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-pol-obama-at-war/">"President Obama, who hoped to sow peace,
			instead led the nation in war"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-530"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp">"DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports &amp;
			Publications"</a>. <i>www.dmdc.osd.mil</i>. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-531"><strong>^</strong></a> Gramlich, John (January
		5, 2017). <a
			href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/05/federal-prison-population-fell-during-obamas-term-reversing-recent-trend/">"Federal
			prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-532"><strong>^</strong></a> Cone, Allen (January
		18, 2017). <a
			href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2017/01/18/Obama-leaving-office-at-60-approval-rating/4481484744398/">"Obama
			leaving office at 60% approval rating"</a>. United Press International. Retrieved February 26, 2017.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-533"><strong>^</strong></a> Agiesta, Jennifer
		(January 18, 2017). <a
			href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/18/politics/obama-approval-rating-cnn-orc-poll/index.html">"Obama approval
			hits 60% as end of term approaches"</a>. CNN. Retrieved February 26,2017.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-534"><strong>^</strong></a> Rottinghaus, Brandon;
		Justin S. Vaughn (February 13, 2015). <a
			href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2015/02/13/measuring-obama-against-the-great-presidents/">"Measuring
			Obama against the great presidents"</a>. Brookings.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-535"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
			href="https://www.obama.org/about-the-foundation/">"Obama Foundation FAQs"</a>. Barack Obama Foundation.
		Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
</ol>
<h3><strong>References</strong></h3>
<ul>
	<li>Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama%27s_Father"><i>The
				Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</i></a>. New York: <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1586487935">978-1586487935</a>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maraniss">Maraniss, David</a> (2012). <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story"><i>Barack Obama: The Story</i></a>. New York:
		<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster">Simon &amp; Schuster</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439160404">978-1439160404</a>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mendell">Mendell, David</a> (2007). <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power"><i>Obama: From Promise to Power</i></a>.
		New York: Amistad/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9">978-0-06-085820-9</a>.</li>
	<li>Obama, Barack (2004) [1st pub. 1995]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams
				from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. New York: <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400082773">978-1400082773</a>.</li>
	<li>Obama, Barack (2006). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope:
				Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i></a>. New York: <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307237699">978-0307237699</a>.</li>
	<li>Scott, Janny (2011). <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Singular_Woman:_The_Untold_Story_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Mother"><i>A
				Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother</i></a>. New York: <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_Books">Riverhead Books</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594487972">978-1594487972</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Further reading</h2>
<ul>
	<li>Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). <a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">"The
			Legend of Barack Obama"</a>. <i>Washingtonian</i>. Archived from <a
			href="http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2008.
		Retrieved January 14, 2008.</li>
	<li>Koltun, Dave (2005). "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political
		"Star"". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert (eds.). <i>The Road to Congress 2004</i>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova
		Science Publishers. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9">978-1-59454-360-9</a>.</li>
	<li>Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). <a
			href="https://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president">"Above the
			Fray"</a>. <i>GQ</i>. Retrieved October 27, 2010.</li>
	<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa_MacFarquhar">Larissa MacFarquhar</a> (May 7, 2007). <a
			href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar">"The Conciliator: Where is
			Barack Obama Coming From?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. Retrieved January 14, 2008.</li>
	<li>McClelland, Edward (2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/youngmrobamachic0000mccl"><i>Young Mr. Obama:
				Chicago and the Making of a Black President</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608190607">978-1608190607</a>.</li>
	<li>Zutter, Hank De (December 8, 1995). <a
			href="http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221">"What Makes Obama
			Run?"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i>. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</li>
</ul>
<h2>External links</h2>
<figure class="table">
	<table>
		<tbody>
			<tr>
				<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library">Library resources</a>
					about<br><strong>Barack Obama</strong></th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>
					<ul>
						<li><a
								href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&amp;su=52010985&amp;library=OLBP">Online
								books</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&amp;su=52010985">Resources in
								your library</a></li>
						<li><a
								href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&amp;su=52010985&amp;library=0CHOOSE0">Resources
								in other libraries</a></li>
					</ul>
				</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>By Barack Obama</th>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<th>
					<ul>
						<li><a
								href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&amp;au=52010985&amp;library=OLBP">Online
								books</a></li>
						<li><a href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&amp;au=52010985">Resources in
								your library</a></li>
						<li><a
								href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&amp;au=52010985&amp;library=0CHOOSE0">Resources
								in other libraries</a></li>
					</ul>
				</th>
			</tr>
		</tbody>
	</table>
</figure>
<h3><strong>Official</strong></h3>
<ul>
	<li><a href="https://www.obama.org/">Official website</a> of The Obama Foundation</li>
	<li><a href="https://www.obamalibrary.gov/">Official website</a> of the Barack Obama Presidential Library</li>
	<li><a href="https://www.ofa.us/">Official website</a> of <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizing_for_Action">Organizing for Action</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/barackobama">White House biography</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>Other</strong></h3>
<ul>
	<li><a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/barack-obama">Column archive</a> at <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"><i>The Huffington Post</i></a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/973560">Barack Obama</a> at the <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></li>
	<li>Obama B. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Health_Care_Reform:_Progress_to_Date_and_Next_Steps">United
			States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA_(journal)"><i>JAMA</i></a>. Published online July 11, 2016. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
			href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.9797">10.1001/jama.2016.9797</a>.</li>
	<li>Teague Beckwith, Ryan (March 23, 2017). "<a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331204859/http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/">Read
			Barack Obama's Statement on the Anniversary of Obamacare</a>." <i>Time</i> magazine. Archived from <a
			href="http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/">the original</a> on March 31, 2017.
		Retrieved March 31, 2017. See also: Taylor, Jessica (March 23, 2017). "<a
			href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324005859/http://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act">Obama:
			'America Is Stronger Because Of The Affordable Care Act'</a>." National Public Radio. Archived from <a
			href="https://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act">the
			original</a> on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.</li>
	<li>Obama B. <a
			href="http://harvardlawreview.org/2017/01/the-presidents-role-in-advancing-criminal-justice-reform/">"The
			President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform</a>." <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a>. Published January 5,
		2017.</li>
	<li><a
			href="https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama">Barack
			Obama</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
	<li>United States Congress. <a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000167">"Barack Obama
			(id: O000167)"</a>. <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"><i>Biographical
				Directory of the United States Congress</i></a>.</li>
	<li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?barackobama">Appearances</a> on <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/barack-obama">Barack Obama</a> articles in the archive of
		the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"><i>Chicago Tribune</i></a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/">Collected news and commentary</a> at the
		<i>Tampa Bay Times</i>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact.com">PolitiFact.com</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html">Collected news and commentary</a> at
		<i>The Washington Post</i>'s Fact Checker blog</li>
	<li>"<a
			href="https://archive.today/20170402202312/http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents">Barack
			Obama is officially one of the most consequential presidents in American history</a>" by <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)">Vox</a> author Dylan Matthews on March 24, 2017. <a
			href="https://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents">Archived from the
			original</a> on March 24, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017. The article describes the successes and failures of
		Barack Obama's domestic and foreign policy as well as provides articles for further reading in this context.
	</li>
	<li><a href="https://www.wbez.org/shows/making-oprah/71b8de57-b2be-4e03-8481-683258de3ec1"><i>Making Obama</i></a>.
		<i>Making</i>. 2018. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBEZ">WBEZ</a>. "Former President Barack Obama—along
		with key advisers, mentors, and rivals—tells the story of his climb from Chicago to the national stage."</li>
	<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Obama,+Barack">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
	<li><a
			href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works
			by or about Barack Obama</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive">Internet
			Archive</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://librivox.org/author/11252">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks)</li>
</ul>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png"
		alt=""
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="15"></figure>
<ul>
	<li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1682433/">Barack Obama</a> on <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb">IMDb</a>&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png"
		alt="Edit this at Wikidata"
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="10"></figure>
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.tv.com/people/barack-obama/">Barack Obama</a> at <a
			href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV.com">TV.com</a></li>
</ul>
<figure class="image"><img
		src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png"
		alt="Edit this at Wikidata"
		srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x"
		sizes="100vw" width="10"></figure>

<p><br>&nbsp;</p>
